老年大便失禁患者的综合护理干预

目的探讨老年大便失禁患者的护理方法，改进老年大便失禁患者的护理措施。方法选择96例老年大便失禁患者，随机分为例数相等的观察组与对照组，观察组应用综合护理模式，对照组采用传统护理模式，对两组患者的排便频率及肛周皮肤保持干燥时间进行比较及统计学分析，观察组间是否存在差异。结果应用综合护理模式的观察组排便频率明显低于应用传统经验护理模式的对照组，且肛周皮肤保持干燥时间明显较长，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论综合护理模式应用于老年大便失禁患者，可显著提高患者生活质量，值得临床推广应用。     

Asociación entre el dolor abdominal y el grado de coproestasis mediante la evaluación radiográfica en pacientes estreñidos que acuden a los servicios de urgencias pediátricas

Introduction and aimAbdominal pain in children is a frequent cause of emergency room consultation. An important group of those patients presents with chronic constipation and fecal impaction. Plain abdominal x-ray is widely used for making a diagnosis and ruling out the need for surgical treatment. The present study examined the association between pain intensity and fecal impaction grade.Materials and methodsAn analytic cross-sectional study was conducted that compared 2 radiographic scales to determine the association between the grade of fecal impaction observed and abdominal pain intensity in patients that sought medical attention at an emergency service within a 7-month period. The analysis was carried out by 2 different observers, utilizing 2 different radiographic scales to confirm their reproducibility. The degree of interobserver agreement was measured using the Kappa coefficient and the association between abdominal pain and fecal impaction grade was measured through the Spearman correlation coefficient.ResultsThere was a significant association between pain intensity and the radiographic grade of fecal impaction (P < .05) for the radiographic scale by segments and its interobserver agreement was high, compared with the scale by percentage.ConclusionsRadiographic scales may be useful in the evaluation and treatment of patients with abdominal pain and constipation. The segmental scale showed less interobserver variability, suggesting its proposal as an alternative in the evaluation and follow-up of patients with chronic constipation.     

慢性便秘继发肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征(李氏三联征)的诊断与治疗

目的归纳按“李氏三联征”概念指导诊断和治疗慢性便秘继发肠系膜上动脉压迫综合征(SMAS)的经验。方法“李氏三联征”的概念包括:(1)临床症状:便秘、营养不良、上消化道梗阻(呕吐、进食困难)三联症状;(2)解剖学表现:具有横结肠下垂、脾曲升高和肠系膜上动脉压迫三联解剖异常;(3)治疗:均给予肠内营养支持、胸膝位、菌群移植三联治疗。根据“李氏三联征”概念,采用描述性病例系列研究方法,前瞻性纳入2014年6月至2018年11月期间,同济大学附属第十人民医院和东部战区总医院收治的78例慢性便秘继发SMAS患者的病例资料,包括基本信息、症状体征、影像学资料、营养指标、胃肠生活质量指数和Wexner排粪评分,按上述“李氏三联征”的标准进行评估和治疗,对临床症状和解剖学特征指标进行随访,记录治疗后1、3、6和12个月的变化。结果治疗前所有患者均有“李氏三联征”特征,均存在严重便秘、营养不良及上消化道梗阻的临床表现,均具有肠系膜上动脉压迫征象和明显的脾曲升高的解剖学表现。经肠内营养支持、胸膝位及菌群移植三联治疗后,69例(88.5%)症状明显改善,9例治疗无效行手术治疗。69例非手术患者经12个月随访,结果显示,所有患者均恢复正常进食,1个月后便秘相关指标改善,至12个月后时,每周自主排粪次数从治疗前(1.0±0.8)次增加至(5.0±1.6)次,胃肠生活质量指数由治疗前(52.7±8.5)分增加至(93.2±7.5)分,Wexner排粪评分由治疗前(19.1±2.5)分下降至(6.2±2.1)分,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。随访1个月后营养指标改善,至12个月后时,体质指数从治疗前(17.9±1.8)kg/m2增加至(21.0±1.3)kg/m2,总蛋白由(65.2±5.7)g/L增加至(68.3±4.2)g/L,白蛋白从(32.1±5.1)g/L增加至(40.4±3.0)g/L,纤维蛋白原从(1.9±0.5)g/L增加至(2.4±0.5)g/L,前白蛋白从(163.2±5.3)mg/L增加至(259.1±45.6)mg/L;差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001)。上消化道造影及肠系膜上动脉成像均显示十二指肠受压征象解除,肠系膜上动脉与腹主动脉夹角从治疗前(17.4±3.8)°增加至(37.8±5.8)°(t=-22.26,P<0.001)。结论慢性便秘继发SMAS患者具有“李氏三联征”的异常三联临床症状和解剖学表现时,应给予肠内营养支持、胸膝位及菌群移植三联治疗。     

自制可冲洗大便收集装置在ICU的应用

目的探讨自制可冲洗大便收集器在ICU大便失禁患者中的临床应用。方法随机将66例大便失禁的ICU危重患者分为对照组(33例)和观察组(33例)。对照组采用常规方法用温水擦拭后涂鞣酸软膏,观察组采用自制可冲洗大便收集器(造口袋加三通接头接负压引流瓶)收集大便法进行肛周皮肤护理。比较两组患者肛周皮肤炎性反应发生情况。结果观察组发生皮肤反应2例,均为I度反应;对照组发生皮肤反应19例,其中,Ⅰ度反应14例,Ⅱ度与Ⅲ度分别为4例和1例。两组患者肛周皮肤反应发生率比较,观察组明显低于对照组,χ2=27.93,P=0.01,差异有统计学意义。结论应用自制可冲洗大便收集器引流收集大便,不但能有效预防大便失禁患者肛周皮肤炎性反应的发生,而且能提高病人的舒适度,值得临床推广应用。