天麻素注射液细菌内毒素检查法研究

目的:对天麻素注射液进行细菌内毒素检查法研究,建立其细菌内毒素检查方法.方法:按<中国药典>2005年版二部附录进行.结果:天麻素注射液在1:30稀释的浓度对细菌内毒素检查法无干扰作用,其细菌内毒素限制L为0.15EU/mg.结论:可采用细菌内毒素检查法对天麻素注射液进行细菌内毒素检查.     

肝纤维化、肝硬化不同阶段细胞因子水平变化

目的 探讨细胞因子水平变化对肝纤维化、肝硬化的形成、发展的影响。方法 经肝穿刺活检证实慢性乙肝肝纤维化患者60例、肝硬化患者75例。肝纤维化患者分S14例、S28例、S320例、S428例、G1 6例、G210例、G320例、G424例。肝硬化患者按Child-Pugh分级A级28例、B级39例、C级8例。对照组为20例健康人。所有患者肝穿刺活检的同时，取血清测一氧化氮（NO）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、内毒素（LPS）。结果 TNF-α随肝炎程度及肝纤维化程度加重而升高，具等级相关r分别为0．623（P〈0．05）、0．649（P〈0．01），NO等级相关性r=0．328（P〉0．05），LPS在肝纤维化阶段尚无明显增高，只是在肝功能Child-Pugh分级B、C级时才显著升高。结论 LPS早期未参与肝病的慢性损伤，在肝硬化时与肝功能损害互为因果；TNF-α在慢性肝炎发展至肝硬化过程中，始终起着重要作用；NO早期未参与肝硬化的形成与发展。     

Cyanobacteria and their toxins in treated-water storage reservoirs in Abha city, Saudi Arabia.

Occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria in drinking and recreational waters poses human health at risk as they can release potent toxins into the water. In the present study, open and covered treated-water storage reservoirs as well as their relevant tap waters in Abha city, Saudi Arabia, were surveyed for the presence of cyanobacteria and their toxins. The results revealed the contamination of most open reservoir and tap waters by algae and cyanobacteria, with an abundance of toxigenic species of cyanobacteria. Depending on the results of the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), endotoxins and microcystins (MCYSTs) were found in most open reservoir and tap waters at concentrations up to 32EUml(-1) and 0.3mugml(-1), respectively. The extracts of axenic cultures of most cyanobacterial species isolated from these reservoirs showed activity to LAL assay, with large endotoxin amounts obtained in Calothrix parietina (490EUg(-1)) and Phormidium tenue (210EUg(-1)). Based on ELISA and HPLC analysis for these extracts, only C. parietina can produce MCYSTs (202mugg(-1)) with a profile consisting of MCYST-RR and -LR. This study suggests that open treated-water storage reservoirs should be covered to prevent the presence of cyanobacteria and their toxins in such drinking and recreational waters.     

重型病毒性肝炎患者外周血单个核细胞Toll样受体基因表达变化与预后关系的研究

目的探讨重型病毒性肝炎患者外周血单个核细胞Toll样受体2、4 mRNA的表达和患者血浆内毒素水平与预后的关系。方法分离外周血单个核细胞,利用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法检测TLR2、TLR4基因表达的变化,同时利用鲎试剂定量检测血浆内毒素水平的变化。结果死亡组患者治疗前TLR4、TLR2 mR-NA的表达及血浆内毒素的水平稍高于存活组,但治疗后死亡组明显高于存活组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);TLR4 mRNA、TLR2 mRNA的表达均与血浆内毒素的表达水平呈正相关。结论TLR2、TLR4及内毒素在重型病毒性肝炎的发病机制中起着重要的作用,能较好地预测重型病毒性肝炎的发展趋势,可用作评价重型病毒性肝炎预后的指标。     

栀子对重症急性胰腺炎胰腺细胞结构和功能的影响及其与NO、内毒素、氧自由基的关系

目的探讨栀子对重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)胰腺细胞结构和功能的影响及其与一氧化氮(NO)、内毒素、氧自由基(OFR)的关系。方法经胆胰管逆行注射1.5%去氧胆酸钠建立SAP模型,给予栀子治疗,观察血中淀粉酶、内毒素、一氧化氮(NO)、过氧化脂质(LPO)以及胰腺细胞线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性、溶酶体酸性磷酸酶(ACP)释放率、微粒体细胞色素P450的变化,并进行相关分析及胰腺组织病理学检查。结果与对照组比较,模型组血中淀粉酶、NO、内毒素、LPO以及溶酶体ACP释放率明显升高(P<0.05),线粒体SDH活性和微粒体细胞色素P450则显著降低(P<0.05),光镜下胰腺组织病理损害明显;栀子治疗后上述各检测指标均较模型组明显改善(P<0.05);相关分析显示淀粉酶、NO、内毒素、LPO与溶酶体ACP释放率呈正相关,与线粒体SDH和微粒体细胞色素P450呈明显负相关。结论NO、内毒素、OFR破坏胰腺细胞的结构和功能。栀子能减轻三者的损伤,保护胰腺细胞。     

细菌脂多糖对急性胰腺炎大鼠核因子-κB及肿瘤坏死因子的影响

目的探讨细菌脂多糖(LPS)对大鼠实验性急性胰腺炎(AP)核因子-κB(NF-κB)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)mRNA及病理改变的影响,了解LPS在AP发生中的作用.方法 24只Wistar大鼠分为3组:AP组、LPS干预组及对照组;AP组蛙皮素诱导产生AP;LPS干预组在AP组基础上,给予腹腔内注射大剂量LPS(2mg/kg);对胰腺组织标本进行病理评分;RT-PCR检测胰腺组织中TNF-α mRNA表达的变化;应用流式细胞术(FCM)检测NF-κB表达的改变.结果与AP组相比,病理结果显示,LPS干预组胰腺组织水肿程度及炎性细胞浸润和坏死明显加重,胰腺组织损伤程度明显加重(病理评分7.21±0.53us,3.65±0.37,P＜0.01);FCM显示由于LPS的作用,NF-κB的表达明显上调(61.28±7.56us,41.13±11.72,P＜0.05),胰腺组织内炎性介质TNF-αmRNA的表达也同步上调(3.798±0.438us,2.856±0.365,P＜0.05).结论 LPS有加重AP病情的作用,其可能机制是LPS通过激活NF-κB及TNF-α从而实现了上述病理损害.     

中枢神经系统感染与脑血管内皮细胞表面E选择素的表达

目的　研究中枢神经系统感染时血管内皮细胞E选择素的表达 ,以及地塞米松对其抑制作用。方法　将 5 4只小鼠随机分成侧脑室注射内毒素 (2 0 μg/2 0 μl)组、腹腔注射地塞米松 [1mg/(kg·12h) ]+侧脑室注射内毒素 (2 0 μg/2 0 μl)组、生理盐水组以及空白对照组。免疫组织化学法观察脑血管内皮细胞E选择素的表达 ,HE染色观察脑组织炎症反应。结果　空白对照组有少量E选择素表达 [(13 7± 2 7) %]。生理盐水组 [(13 5± 5 6 ) %]与空白对照组E选择素表达比较差异无显著性。内毒素组注射后E选择素表达在第 1天 [(31 8± 10 5 ) %]、第 2天 [(2 6 8± 9 6 ) %]明显增多 ,与生理盐水组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1或 <0 0 5 ) ,注射后第 3天 [(15 7± 9 9) %]恢复正常 (P >0 0 5 ) ;注射后 3d内E选择素表达呈进行性下降 (F =4 0 8,P <0 0 5 )。地塞米松 +内毒素组于注射后第 1天和第 2天E选择素表达与内毒素组比较明显受到抑制 ,分别为 (13 0± 12 4 ) %、(8 8±6 0 ) %(P略 >0 0 5 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,与生理盐水组比较差异无显著性 ;同时脑组织炎症反应受到明显抑制。结论　中枢神经系统感染时脑血管内皮细胞E选择素的表达增加 ;地塞米松可通过抑制脑血管内皮细胞表面E选择素的表达来抑制炎症反应     

Comprehending the role of LPS in Gram-negative bacterial vaginosis: ogling into the causes of unfulfilled child-wish

Introduction Intrauterine infection is frequently associated with pregnancy loss in pregnant women.Discussion This article reviews the role of Gram-negative bacterial infection in various complications related to early pregnancy and subsequent pregnancy loss. Here we discus the pathways of ascending intrauterine infection, microbiology and the pathophysiology of such infections. The clinical impact, therapy, consequences, prevention and implications of Gram-negative bacterial infections in women during their reproductive life span is also discussed. This article also makes an attempt to discuss our studies and findings, related to the effect of the LPS component of the Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin on preimplantation stage embryonic development and implantation. This early phase of pregnancy remains mostly unnoticed by the mother as well as the health care provider, and therefore holds more threat to the life of the fetus and the mother. The molecular mechanisms of LPS-induced pregnancy losses through abnormal embryonic development, implantation failure, and preterm labor and birth with specific references to the role of proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1 and TNF are discussed.Conclusion Once these inflammatory mediators have increased in the feto-maternal tissues, it may be too late or harmful to try and prevent the adverse outcomes of pregnancy.     

Effect of hemodiafiltration on pulmonary hemodynamics in endotoxic shock

Hemofiltration can improve pulmonary hemodynamics during septic shock. The main objective of the study was to determine whether hemodiafiltration (HDF) would also have beneficial effects on pulmonary hemodynamics during septic shock. In the Endo group, six anesthetized pigs received a 0.5 mg/kg endotoxin infusion over 30 min. In the HDF group (n = 6), HDF was started 30 min after the end of the endotoxin infusion, while in the Control group (n = 4) they received HDF but no endotoxin infusion. Pulmonary hemodynamics were analyzed in detail with a four-element windkessel model. Although in the Control group, HDF did not alter pulmonary hemodynamic parameters, in the HDF group, it was responsible for an amplification of the deleterious pulmonary vascular response to endotoxin insult. Our results show that HDF must be used cautiously in septic shock since it can precipitate right heart failure by increasing pulmonary vascular resistance.     

脂多糖结合蛋白在实验性急性坏死型胰腺炎发生中的作用

目的 探讨抗脂多糖(LPs)结合蛋白(LBP)抗体对小鼠实验性急性坏死型胰腺炎(ANP)的影响,了解LBP在ANP发生中的作用。方法 60只BALB／c小鼠分为4组：ANP组(n=18)、ANPLBP抗体处理组(n=18)、LBP抗体单独处理组(n=18)和正常对照组(n=6)。于第9、12、24h分批处死小鼠并收取标本。测定血清淀粉酶和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性;对胰腺组织HE染色进行病理评分;RT-PCR检测胰腺组织炎性介质肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、细胞黏附分子(ICAM-1)和E-选择素mRNA表达变化;应用免疫组化和Western印迹检测核因子-κB(NF-κB)蛋白表达的改变;酶组织化学法检测中性粒细胞髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的活性改变。结果 与ANP组相比,ANP LBP抗体处理组血清淀粉酶活性于9h和12h显著升高,LDH活性于24h显著升高。病理学评分结果显示,ANPLBP抗体处理组胰腺组织水肿程度于9h、12h加重,而炎性细胞浸润和坏死则于24h明显加重。反映中性粒细胞活化程度的胰腺组织MPO活性于12h和24h明显升高,胰腺组织内炎性介质TNF—α、IL-1β、ICAM-1和E-选择素mRNA的表达呈不同程度的上调。免疫组化和Western印迹显示NF—κB的表达明显上调。而LBP抗体单独处理组血清生化指标和病理学评分结果与正常对照组相比差异无显著意义。结论 应用抗LBP抗体阻断LBP的中和内毒素作用后,使胰腺炎程度进一步加重,提示LBP对ANP具有一定的防护作用,其可能途径是通过中和内毒素并阻断其信号传导通路继而抑制NF-κB活化、下调炎性介质的表达得以实现。