ERCP对胰腺分裂症的诊断和治疗价值

目的探讨ERCP对胰腺分裂症的诊断治疗价值。方法回顾性分析本院2003~2006年经ERCP诊断的3例胰腺分裂症的临床表现及治疗效果。结果3例胰腺分裂症都经ERCP确诊,并进行了内镜下治疗:2例行十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术,并放置胰管支架;1例行十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术,并在导丝引导下行气囊导管扩张成形术。结论胰腺分裂症是一种胰腺在发育过程中主、副胰管未融合的少见先天性疾病。目前只有经内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)才能被确诊,并且与药物及手术治疗相比,有创伤小、疗效佳的优点。     

Clinical Evaluation of ERCP and Naobiliary Drainage for Biliary Fungal Infection--A Report of Five Cases of Severe Combined Bacterial and Fungal Infection of Biliary Tract

This study studied the use of ERCP and nasobiliary tube in the diagnosis of fungal infection of biliary tract and the efficacy of combined use of local administration via nasobiliary tube and intravenous antifungal treatment for severe biliary tract fungal infection. 5 patients in our series, with age ranging from 47 to 68 y (mean 55.8), were diagnosed as having mixed bacterial and fungal infection of biliary tract as confirmed by smear or/and culture of bile obtained by ERCP and nasobiliary drainage. Besides routine anti-bacteria therapy, all patients received local application of fluconazole through nasobiliary tube and intravenous administration of fluconazole or itraconazole in terms of the results ofin vitro sensitivity test. The mean duration of intravenous fluconazole or itraconazole was 30 days (24–40 days), and that of local application of fluconazole through nasobiliary drainage tube was 19 days (8–24 days). During a follow-up period of 3–42 months, all patient's fungal infection of biliary tract was cured. It is concluded that on the basis of typical clinical features of biliary tract infection, fungal detection of smear/culture of bile obtained by ERCP was the key for the diagnosis of fungal infection of biliary tract. Local application antifungal drug combined with intravenous anti-fungal drugs might be an effective and safe treatment for fungal infection of biliary tract.     

丙谷胺对ERCP术后胰腺功能影响的评价

目的探导丙谷胺对逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后胰腺功能的影响。方法比较对照组(S组)、奥曲肽组(O组)、丙谷胺组(P组)急性胰腺炎的发生率、死亡率、血浆胆囊收缩素八肽(CCK-OP)及血清淀粉酶含量的变化。结果S组并发急性胰腺炎3例(13.6%,3/22),O组并发急性胰腺炎1例(5%,1/20),P组并发急性胰腺炎1例(4.0%,1/25),S组明显高于O组及P组(P<0.05)。术后6h及24hP组及O组血清淀粉酶与S组比较差异均有显著性(P<0.05),但P组与O组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。术后6hP组血浆CCK-OP明显低于O组及S组,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。术后24hP组与O组及S组比较差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。结论丙谷胺可抑制CCK-OP的作用,与奥曲肽一样能有效地保护ERCP术后胰腺的功能,减轻酶血症,预防急性胰腺炎的发生。     

CT及ERCP对肝吸虫性急性胆道梗阻诊断价值的探讨

目的探讨CT及内镜下逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）对肝吸虫性胆道梗阻的价值。方法回顾手术证实的肝吸虫及其团块引起的急性胆道梗阻47例，其中由内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌（Oddi＇s括约肌）切开术（EST）证实20例，胆总管探查术证实27例，分析其研及ERCP特点。结果43例患者见不同程度的弥漫性肝内胆管从肝门向被膜方向均匀扩张，39例轻中度肝外胆管扩张，两者扩张不成比例。41例被膜下胆管末端呈囊状或杵状扩张。38例胆囊扩大，9例胆囊内可见软组织团块影。13例见胰腺肿胀，8例见胰管扩张。20例ERCP中16例见肝外胆管轻中度扩张，18例见肝内胆管呈迂曲扩张延伸，末梢呈囊状扩张，可见肝内扩张小胆管突然中断征象，在胆管内可见泥沙样、絮状不规则充盈缺损。3例见肝囊肿与扩张胆管相通。同时20例行FAT术，成功解除梗阻。结论急性梗阻性黄疸患者，CT显示肝内胆管均匀弥漫扩张，肝内胆管末端呈囊状改变，伴或不伴肝外胆管扩张，可诊断肝吸虫性梗阻。ERCP可通过抽取胆汁，找到肝吸虫或其虫卵而证实，并可通过FNT术解除梗阻。     

Autoimmune pancreatitis associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis: MR imaging findings

Autoimmune pancreatitis is a relatively rare type of chronic pancreatitis that may be associated with other autoimmune disorders. The imaging features of this entity may be misleading and suggest the presence of a malignant tumour. We present a case in which MR imaging allowed us to diagnose autoimmune pancreatitis associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis, which is another autoimmune-related disease. Typical MR characteristics of autoimmune pancreatitis include focal or diffuse enlargement of the pancreas, the absence of parenchymal atrophy and significant dilation proximal to the site of stenosis, the absence of peripancreatic spread, the clear demarcation of the lesion and the presence of a peripancreatic rim.     

Imaging patients with "post-cholecystectomy syndrome": an algorithmic approach

AIM: To assess the role of ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and liver function tests (LFTs) in the evaluation of selected patients presenting with late post-cholecystectomy syndrome (PCS) who were referred for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a retrospective study a final group of 42 patients with PCS referred for diagnostic ERCP underwent MRCP and abdominal US. ERCP and MRCP images were assessed for bile duct diameters and the presence of strictures and stones. A common bile duct (CBD) diameter of < 10mm was considered normal, whereas > or = 10mm was considered abnormal on US. Findings were correlated to LFTs with contingency table results performed for single techniques and combination of methods. RESULTS: In total 14 stones and one stricture were seen. US had a high negative predictive value (86.4%). MRCP had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 88.0%. ERCP is the most accurate test but failed in 11 patients, five of whom had a stone. The accuracy of US and LFTs increases to 93.8% if test results agree in either negative or positive outcome. CONCLUSION: US and LFTs are first-line tests in PCS. If the CBD on US is > or = 10mm, but no cause is identified, MRCP should be performed. If US and LFTs are normal then MRCP is not necessary. The availability of LFTs raises the diagnostic value of imaging.     

Intraoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to remove common bile duct stones during routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy does not prolong hospitalization: a 2-year experience

Background: There is still some controversy regarding the optimal timing and best method for the removal of common bile duct stones (CBDS). Intraoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (IO-ERCP) is an alternative method that should be considered for this procedure. The aim of our study was to investigate the clinical outcome of a single-step procedure (IO-ERCP) to remove CBDS, thereby combining two existing high-volume clinical modalities—i.e., laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and ERCP. Methods: Between January 2000 and December 2001, 674 patients, 192 male and 482 female, underwent cholecystectomy at our hospital. Therewere 612 LC (90.8%), 37 converted procedures (5.5%), and 25 open operations (3.7%). In 592 of the patients, (87.8%) intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) was performed. In 34 (5.7%) of those who had and IOC, an IO-ERCP was performed. While the surgeon waited for the endoscopist, care was taken to introduce a thin guidewire through the lOC catheter and pass it through the sphincter of Oddi, out into the duodenum. This complementary procedure greatly facilitated the subsequent cannulation of the bile ducts. Results: The cannulation frequency of the CBD was 100%. Common bile duct stones were successfully extracted in 93.5%. Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST), followed by the insertion of a plastic endoprosthesis, was performed in two patients with remaining stones. The CBD of these two patients was cleared by postoperative ERCP. None of the patients developed postoperative pancreatitis. The operating time was prolonged as compared with the time for LC (192 vs 110 mins; p < 0.05). The length of hospitalization for IO-ERCP patients did not differ from that for patients undergoing cholecystectomy alone (2.6 vs 2.1. days; NS). Conclusions: The study suggests that elective IO-ERCP is a safe and efficient method for removing CBDS that has a low risk of inducing postoperative pancreatitis and does not prolong postoperative hospitalization. This technique enables perioperative extraction of CBDS without open or laparoscopic surgical exploration of the CBD and can be used safely in a routine clinical setting.     

Endoscopic sphincterotomy for prevention of the recurrence of acute biliary pancreatitis in patients with gallbladder in situ: long-term follow-up of 88 patients

Background Endoscopic sphincterotomy without cholecystectomy is a therapeutic option in selected patients after acute biliary pancreatitis. We conducted a prospective evaluation of the long-term effects of sphincterotomy in terms of the need for of subsequent cholecystectomy and the recurrence of gallstone pancreatitis.Methods We studied 88 patients with acute biliary pancreatitis and an intact gallbladder who, underwent endoscopic sphincterotomy either because they were high-risk candidates for surgery or because they had refused of cholecystectomy. The median follow-up was 51 months (range, 5–86).Results Only two patients (2.2%) experienced recurrent pancreatitis. Subsequent cholecystectomy was performed in 10 patients because of acute cholecystitis in eight cases and biliary colic in two cases. Sixty-six patiens (75%) remained asymptomatic.Conclusions Endoscopic sphincterotomy is a safe and acceptable alternative to cholecystectomy for the prevention of recurring attacks of gallstone pancreatitis. As a result of this procedure, 75% of patients remained free of symptoms in the long term.     

Surgical management of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-related perforations

Background: A retrospective review was carried out of consecutive cases of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)‐related perforation to identify risk factors and technique affecting surgical outcome. Methods: Eighteen patients (0.45%) out of 4030 ERCP performed were operated on for ERCP‐related perforation at Singapore General Hospital. Results: The group's median age was 72.5 years and 14 patients had ductal stone disease. Five perforations were discovered at ERCP while 10 required computed tomography for diagnosis. Eight patients were operated on within 24 h whereas 10 patients had surgery after 24 h. Five of six with type I (lateral duodenal) perforations had early surgery versus one of seven with type II (peri‐Vaterian; P = 0.03). There were four type III (bile duct) perforations and one type IV (retroperitoneal air). Five of six patients with type I perforation had simple repair compared with five of seven type II requiring the complex duodenal diversion procedure (P = 0.10). Three patients (16.7%) succumbed after surgery due to sepsis and myocardial infarction. Advanced age>70 years resulted in higher mortality of 30% versus none in patients <70 years (P = 0.22). Conclusions: Early diagnosis is important but difficult especially for the type II perforations. Duodenal diversion is used more frequently in patients with type II perforations and those operated on late. Advanced age contributes to poorer outcome in surgical treatment of ERCP perforations.     

内镜下胰胆管造影术的护理体会

总结336例成功进行内镜下胰胆管造影(ERCP)术及其相关治疗病人的护理经验。笔者认为术前进行完善准备和细致的心理护理、术中密切配合、术后在病情观察、饮食及并发症的观察等方面加强护理是确保手术成功、病人尽快康复的关键。经十二指肠镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)及在此基础上