性别对顺式阿曲库铵预注法肌松起效时间的影响

目的：观察性别对顺式阿曲库铵肌松起效时间影响。方法：选择80例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级择期手术患者,男性40例（M1,M2组,各20例）,女性40例（F1,F2组,各20例）,共四组。F1,M1直接给予顺式阿曲库铵0.2mg/kg诱导,使用多功能肌松监测仪监测肌松效果。F2,M2在全麻诱导时给予顺式阿曲库铵预注量0.05mg/kg,诱导时给予顺式阿曲库铵0.2mg/kg。将T4/T1=0所需时间作为插管时间。结果：F2组起效时间明显快于M2组（P〈0.05）。结论：女性患者预注顺式阿曲库铵肌松起效时间快于男性患者。     

Effects of cisatracurium on cerebral and cardiovascular hemodynamics in patients with severe brain injury

Background : For neuroanesthesia and neurocritical care the use of drugs that do not increase or preferentially decrease intracranial pressure (ICP) or change cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) are preferred. The current study investigates the effects of a single rapid bolus dose of cisatracurium on cerebral blood flow velocity, ICP, CPP, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) in 24 mechanically ventilated patients with intracranial hypertension after severe brain trauma (Glasgow coma scale 6) under continuous sedation with sufentanil and midazolam.
Methods : Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 2XED95 (n=12) or 4XED95 (n=12) of cisatracurium as a rapid i.v. bolus injection. Before and after bolus administration mean cerebral blood flow velocity (BFV, cm/s) was measured in the middle cerebral artery using a 2–MHz transcranial Doppler sonography system, ICP (mm Hg) was measured using an extradural probe, and MAP (mm Hg) and HR (b/min) were measured during a study period of 20 min. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP=MAP–ICP) was also calculated.
Results : Our data show that a single bolus dose of up to 4 × ED95 cisatracurium caused no significant (P<0.05) changes in BFV, ICP, CPP, MAP and HR. Possible histamine-related events were not observed during the study.
Conclusions : The results from this study suggest that cisatracurium is a safe neuromuscular blocking agent for use in adult severe brain–injured patients with increased ICP under mild hyperventilation and continuous sedation.     

维库溴铵与苯磺阿曲库铵的肌松作用在阻塞性黄疸和肾衰患者手术时的应用

维库溴铵与苯磺阿曲库铵应用于肝肾功能正常者33例、末期肾衰病人26例、阻塞性黄疸病人20例。静注维库溴铵与苯磺阿曲库铵初剂量分别为0.1mg/kg和0.5mg/kg,每次追加剂量分别为0.05mg/kg和0.25mg/kg,术中用4个成串刺激(TOF)监测肌松程度。应用2药于肾衰组,除起效时间较其他2组明显缩短外,其他参数无差异,前者用于阻黄病人时,TOF在恢复过程中第4(T_4)与第1(T_1)个刺激反应强度之比(RTOF)0.25和恢复指数均有明显延长,提示有积蓄作用,使用时应慎重。     

HPLC测定卡肌宁注射液中阿曲库铵苯磺酸盐异构体及相关杂质

在InertsilODS柱上,以乙腈一氯化四丁基铵(TBAC)体系为流动相,HPLC法同时分离阿曲库铵苯磺酸盐异构体及相关杂质,考察了色谱填料及流动相中乙腈量、氯化四丁基铵浓度及pH值对色谱保留的影响。该法用于卡肌宁注射液的质量控制和稳定性的初步考察,取得满意效果。     

术中保温对持续输注顺式阿曲库铵代谢的影响

目的:观察患者术中保温对顺式阿曲库铵代谢过程的影响。方法:选择ASA(Ⅰ～Ⅱ)级行择期手术的患者24例,随机分为两组,Ⅰ组为对照组,Ⅱ组为术中保温组。Ⅱ组术中用保温毯保温,术中冲洗用盐水加温至37℃,用输液加温器加温输注液体,Ⅰ组对照组不做上述保温处理。选用四个成串刺激方式监测尺神经-拇内收肌神经传递功能,TOF频率为2Hz,串间间隔15s,刺激电流为50mA,当T1值恢复至10%时持续静脉泵注顺式阿曲库铵,并调节微泵速度,维持T1 10%,至缝合肌层后停止泵注,并记录顺式阿曲库铵的泵注量,T1恢复至25%、75%,TOF 90%的时间和患者的食道温度。结果:两组患者年龄、性别比例、体重差异及顺式阿曲库铵用量的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),Ⅰ组患者手术结束时的体温在36℃以下,Ⅱ组患者手术结束时体温在36℃以上。与Ⅰ组患者比较,Ⅱ组患者的肌松恢复时间明显缩短,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:手术中对患者进行保温对于药物的代谢消除,减少药物残留造成围术期并发症有着重要的意义。     

异氟醚对老年患者顺式阿曲库铵肌肉松弛效应的影响

目的 观察异氟醚对老年患者顺式阿曲库铵肌肉松弛效应的影响.方法 60 例美国麻醉医师协会Ⅱ级行择期手术的老年患者,随机数字表法分为两组,每组30例.丙泊酚组持续输注丙泊酚4～6 mg/（kg·h）,依据需要静注芬太尼维持麻醉;异氟醚组1.0 MAC异氟醚吸入,依据需要静注芬太尼维持麻醉.记录肌松起效时间、作用时间、术中维持速率、T1 25%、75%恢复时间、TOF比值恢复到70%的时间及恢复指数.结果 异氟醚组起效时间[（231.32±25.48）s]及恢复指数[（14.83±3.42）min]与丙泊酚组[（237.41±31.33）s、（13.07±3,74）min]差异无统计学意义,异氟醚组作用时间[（42.37±5.32）min]、T1 25%、75%恢复时间[（53.94±8.20）min、（70.78±7.65）min],明显长于丙泊酚组[（29.46±4.73）min、（41.31±6.43）min、（55.74±6.19）min,P＜0.05],异氟醚组术中维持速率[（88.32±13.25）μg/（kg·h）],明显小于丙泊酚组[（115.64±17.52）μg/（kg·h）].结论 异氟醚能显著延长老年患者顺式阿曲库铵的作用时间及恢复时间,减小术中维持速率,但对恢复指数无明显影响.     

Spectrophotometric and HPLC Methods for Simultaneous Estimation of Amlodipine Besilate, Losartan Potassium and Hydrochlorothiazide in Tablets

Two UV-spectrophotometric and one reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography methods have been developed for the simultaneous estimation of amlodipine besilate, losartan potassium and hydrochlorothiazide in tablet dosage form. The first UV spectrophotometric method was a determination using the simultaneous equation method at 236.5, 254 and 271 nm over the concentration range 5-25, 10-50 and 5-25 μg/ml for amlodipine besilate, losartan potassium and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively. The second UV method was a determination using the area under curve method at 231.5-241.5, 249-259 and 266-276 nm over the concentration range of 5-25, 5-25 and 10-50 μg/ml for amlodipine besilate, hydrochlorothiazide and losartan potassium, respectively. In reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography analysis is carried out using 0.025 M phosphate buffer (pH 3.7):acetonitrile (57:43 v/v) as the mobile phase and Kromasil C18 (4.6 mm i.d×250 mm) column as stationery phase with detection wavelength of 232 nm linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 2-14, 20-140 and 5-40 μg/ml for amlodipine besilate, losartan potassium and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively. Both UV-spectrophotometric and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography methods were statistically validated and can be used for analysis of combined dose tablet formulation containing amlodipine besilate, losartan potassium and hydrochlorothiazide.     

Cisatracurium – ein Stereoisomer als „ideales” Relaxans? Histaminfreisetzung und Tryptasebestimmung nach Bolusapplikation von Cisatracurium: ein Vergleich mit Vecuronium

Cisatracurium (51W89, Nimbex, Glaxo-Wellcome), an intermediate-acting non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, is a stereoisomer of atracurium. Histamine releasing propensities and serum tryptase level have been investigated after administration of cisatracurium (3×ED₉₅, 5×ED₉₅) or vecuronium (3×ED₉₀) in surgical patients. Methods: After approval by our institutional review board, 62 patients (ASA I–II) were randomly assigned to three groups to receive either 3×ED₉₅ or 5×ED₉₅ cisatracurium, or 3×ED₉₀ vecuronium as a rapid bolus. A prick test was done the day before by scarification of the skin in the forearm. After premedication with 2?mg lormetazepam, anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone (4–12?mg/kg) and maintained with O₂/N₂O and isoflurane (1.5–2?vol.%). Six minutes after thiopentone, the patients received the relaxant, and after further 6?min 0.1–0.2?mg fentanyl was given and the trachea was intubated. Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were monitored every minute. Blood samples for histamine were withdrawn 5?min prior 3 and 5?min after each drug administration (thiopentone, relaxants). Plasma histamine was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) with a sensitivity of approximately 10?pg/ml. Additionally, serum tryptase was measured by RIA at baseline (?10 and ?1?min) and 15 and 60?min after the relaxant administration. Levels for histamine >1000?pg/ml and for tryptase >2?µg/ml were considered significant. Cutaneous signs of histamine release were documented. Results: Ten patients showed a positive prick-test reaction. Only after thiopentone some cutaneous signs (4 flush, 1 erythema) of histamine release were observed. There were no cutaneous signs of histamine release correlating with cardiovascular changes. Analysis of the blood samples demonstrated no significant increase in the histamine level in all three groups. Only in 1 patient was a significant higher histamine level (1133?pg/ml) measured 5?min after 5×ED₉₅ cisatracurium. All measurements of serum tryptase were within the physiological limits. Discussion: In this study, with the particular time course of drug administration, neither cisatracurium nor vecuronium increased plasma histamine levels. Only after 5×ED₉₅ cisatracurium was 1 elevated histamine level documented after 5?min. In several studies increased histamine levels have been described, but without clinical manifestations. It is known that cutaneous signs can occur without increased plasma histamine levels due to the structural heterogeneity of mast cells. The cutaneous reactions in this study were caused by thiopentone. The tryptase values were within normal limits even in the patient with histamine release. No relationship between the positive results in the prick test and the incidence of cutaneous reactions and/or histamine release for drugs used in the induction of anaesthesia was observed. Whether cisatracurium has a potential for immunologic release is unknown.     

Muskelrelaxanzien Neue Substanzen und neuromuskuläres Monitoring

Introduction: Recent developments in both the quantitative evaluation of neuromuscular blockade and new muscle relaxants are reviewed. With respect to nerve stimulation, neuromuscular recording, and definition of parameters, the results of the 1994 Copenhagen International Consensus Conference are highlighted. Future clinical studies should adhere to these standards. Muscle relaxants: Rocuronium, cisatracurium, and mivacurium are new muscle relaxants that were released for clinical use in 1995/1996. Of these, rocuronium has the shortest time of onset, whereas its recovery characteristics closely resemble those of vecuronium. Rocuronium is five times less potent than vecuronium. Twice the ED₉₅ of rocuronium provides good or excellent intubating conditions within 60 to 90?s. Slight vagolytic effects were reported following injection of 0.6?mg/kg rocuronium, while histamine release was not observed. Cisatracurium is one of the ten steroisomers of atracurium. It is five times as potent as the chiral mixture while having a similar pharmacodynamic and -kinetic profile. Up to eight times the ED₉₅ did not cause significant histamine release or clinically relevant cardiovascular effects. Mivacurium is a short-acting nondepolarizing benzylisoquinoline muscle relaxant that undergoes rapid breakdown by plasma cholinesterase (PChE). Its duration of action is about one-half as long as that of equipotent doses of atracurium and vecuronium and three times as long as succinylcholine. Mivacurium has a moderate histamine-releasing potential. In patients with atypical or reduced PChE activity, the duration of action of mivacurium is prolonged.     

顺式阿曲库铵和阿曲库铵用于全麻气管插管腹腔镜胆囊切除术中效果比较

目的 探讨顺式阿曲库铵和阿曲库铵在全麻气管插管腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的肌松效果及不良反应发生情况.方法 回顾性分析2014年2月-2015年10月行全麻气管插管的腹腔镜胆囊切除患者120例的临床资料,根据用药情况分为研究组68例和对照组52例,研究组给予顺式阿曲库铵,对照组给予阿曲库铵.观察2组气管插管完成率、气管插管条件、插管时声门暴露程度及肌松药起效时间,记录诱导前(T1)、插管后1 min(T2)、插管后15 min(T3)时血氧饱和度(SpO2)及心率变化情况,分析2组不良反应发生情况.结果 2组气管插管完成率、气管插管条件及插管时声门暴露程度良好率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).研究组起效时间长于对照组,总不良反应发生率低于对照组(P＜0.05).2组T1-3时点SpO2、心率组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 顺式阿曲库铵和阿曲库铵均可在全麻气管插管腹腔镜胆囊切除术中发挥理想的肌松效果,但顺式阿曲库铵安全性更高.