桂莪术乙醇提取物及其挥发油对实验性肝损害的保护作用

桂莪术醇提物及挥发油对CCI₄、TAA引起小鼠SGPT升高有明显的降低作用,使BSP潴留量减少,相应肝组织病变减轻;对CCI₄损害和正常小鼠戊巴比妥钠睡眠时间明显缩短,对甘油三酯有抑制作用。桂莪术的毒性较低,口服LD₅₀醇提物为86.8±12g生药/kg,挥发油为1.10±0.08g/kg。     

Transdermal administration of nicotine

The physiological response to nicotine topically applied to the skin was measured in an adult male volunteer. Nicotine base (9 mg) was applied in a 30% aqueous solution to intact skin on the underside of the forearm. Salivary nicotine, heart rate and blood pressure were monitored for 12 h after application of the nicotine. Within 30 min a significant level of nicotine was detected in the saliva (50 ng/ml), pulse had risen by 15 beats/min and systolic blood pressure had risen 10 mmHg. Nicotine levels remained elevated for 2 h and were comparable to levels of nicotine produced by cigarette smoking. Because previous research has shown nicotine to suppress smoking behavior, it may be fruitful to examine transdermal administration of nicotine as a smoking reduction and cessation aid.     

乙型肝炎特异性转移因子的研究

我们用纯化的人乙肝疫苗免疫健康成猪制备含有特异性转移因子(HBV-TF)的白细胞透析物(DLE)。HBV-TF是与TF-p非常相似的化学制剂,都具有无毒性。HPLC法分析结果发现,HBV特异TF的第6峰偏高,充分证实经免疫后的猪细胞中TF活性有增高趋势,HBV-TF对PHA诱导的人淋巴细胞增殖的影响看出,HBV-TF具有依赖抗原的特异性活性,在7例HBsAg阳性的乙肝患者的周围血淋巴细胞中加入HBV-TF,对淋转表现出抑制作用。制剂的注射结果说明,HBV-TF注射组的小鼠抗乙肝特异性抗体显著增长,HBV-TF可特异地转移免疫信息给纯种鼠,而TTH-TF则无此作用。实验提示,抗体的产生是多细胞的行为,HBV-TF不仅可增强受者的细胞的免疫应答,亦可增强与调节特异抗体的产生。我们对97例乙肝HBsAg慢性携带者、慢迁肝、慢活肝进行实验性治疗观察,用HBV-TF配合中药齐墩果酸片不仅能改善机体临床症状和体征,亦能改善机体免疫状态,降低乙肝传染性指标,使HBeAg阴转率达53.3％～56％。     

Influence of brain extract and dibutyryl cyclic AMP on the amount of carbonic anhydrase in primary glial cell cultures from newborn rat brain

The effect of brain extracts from rat and beef, and of 2′,5′-dibutyryl cyclic AMP on the CAII content was investigated in rat primary glial cultures maintained in serum-containing or serum-free medium. All cultures contained a mixed population of oligodendroglial and astroglial cells, but under certain conditions the cultures were highly enriched in oligodendroglial cells. An immunocytochemical positive reaction to CAII was observed in oligodendrocytes, while astrocytes were not stained. The content of CAII per culture and per oligodendroglial cell was higher after treatment of the culture with soluble brain extract and a partially purified fraction. A combined autoradiographic- immunohistochemical study, after [³H]thymidine incorporation and staining for CAII, showed that under the influence of rat brain extract the number of mitotic CAII positive cells was greater at day 11 compared to control cultures. But the proliferation rate decreased with time in culture after brain extract treatment and the number of mitotic CAII positive cells became far below that of controls. Since at the same time CAII quantity per cell was higher in the treated ones it is suggested that brain extract not only influences the proliferation of oligodendroglial cells, but also their maturation. The addition of 2′ ,5′-dibutyryl cyclic AMP had no effect on oligodendroglial cells and the amount of CAII in the cultures was not affected. It is discussed that agents, which stimulate 3′,5′-cyclic AMP content, may not influence the CAII content, but may stimulate the enzymatic activity.     

Sensitivity of Yeasts Isolated from Cases of Vaginitis to Aqueous Extracts of Garlic: Die Empfindlichkeit von Hefen, die bei Vaginitis isoliert wurden, gegen wäßrige Knoblauchextrakte

Summary: Sensitivity of 61 yeasts including 26 strains of Candida albicans isolated from vaginal, cervix and buccal swabs of vaginitis patients and pollinating bees was tested against aqueous garlic extract. All excepting 2 strains of C. albicans proved sensitive and showed zones of inhibition upto 45 mm by paper disc method. By the tube dilution method also all the strains were inhibited and killed. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) varied from 1:128 to 1:1024 while minimum lethal concentration (MLC) varied from 1:32 to 1:512 dilution of aqueous garlic extract.
Zusammenfassung: Bei 61 Hefen, darunter 26 Stämme von Candida albicans aus Vaginalabstrichen, Cervixabstrichen und Mundhöhlenabstrichen von Vaginitis-Patien-ten sowie weitere Hefen, die von honigtragenden Bienen isoliert wurden, testeten die Autoren die Empfindlichkeit gegen wäßrige Knoblauchextrakte. Mit Ausnahme von zwei Stämmen waren alle Candida albicans-Isolate empfindlich gegen den Extrakt und zeigten Hemmzonen bis zu 45 mm bei Anwendung der Testblättchenmethode. Mit der Röhrchenverdünnungsmethode konnte bei allen Stämmen Wachstumshemmung und Abtötung der Zellen erreicht werden. Die minimale Hemmkonzentration lag zwischen 1:128 und 1:1024, während die minimale fungizide Konzentration zwischen 1:32 und 1:512 lag.     

Nicotine and nonnicotine factors in cigarette addiction

Rationale A great deal of research supports the role of nicotine in cigarette addiction. However, the effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) as a smoking cessation treatment has fallen short of initial hopes. A key reason may be that NRT does not address nonnicotine components of smoking reinforcement. These include constituents that provide reinforcing sensory stimulation, components that minimize excessive irritation from inhaled nicotine and other pharmacologically active compounds in cigarette smoke. Objective Studies using various paradigms to dissociate nicotine from other components of smoking are summarized. Results Nonnicotine components provide many rewarding effects, often surpassing the direct effects of nicotine. Substitutes for the sensory effects of smoking may be effective in relieving craving for cigarettes and in facilitating smoking cessation. Moreover, techniques for devaluing smoking-related cues may decrease craving and enhance subsequent abstinence. Promising approaches for devaluing smoke cues include extinction-based treatments employing denicotinized cigarettes and the use of nicotinic agonist and/or antagonist treatment during the weeks leading up to a quit attempt. Recent studies suggest that incorporating these approaches into a treatment program may significantly increase smoking abstinence rates. Preliminary findings also suggest that replacement of the effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors contained in cigarette smoke may enhance quit rates. Conclusions While current NRT methods have been the mainstay of smoking cessation treatment and will likely continue to serve a useful role, the next stage of progress will likely entail the development of tools designed with recognition of the importance of nonnicotine components of cigarette smoking.     

ACTH对组织浸液活性的反馈作用

按不同实验条件制备五组供样动物组织浸液,用放免法测定其受试组血浆皮质酮含量,观察各供样组组织浸液活性。结果提示:①组织浸液活性于注射后半小时达最高峰,至少可维持2小时;②无论在正常条件下或在付肾切除条件下,注射ACTH均可抑制组织浸液活性。推测组织浸液活性因子可能是一种天然存在的生理性物质。     

Comparison of Skin Tests and RAST for the Diagnosis of Bee Sting Allergy

Skin tests and estimation of specific IgE-antibodies by the RAST are evaluated as diagnostic procedures in bee sting hypersensitivity with the followiny extracts. (2) With bee venom results of skin tests and RAST correspond in 82%, with bee wholebody extracts in 68%. (3) Both with skin tests and the RAST with bee venom a good discrimination between patients with bee sting hypersensitivity and non-allergic controls is observed. Skin tests with bee venom are somewhat more sensitive than bee venom-RAST. (4) With the careful skin test procedure chosen, no adverse reactions were observed.     

Acute effects of cigarette smoking on pattern electroretinogram

In this study, acute effects of cigarette smoking on the pattern electroretinogram (PERG) were investigated. First, variability of the PERG was studied in a group of young male smokers (26 right eyes of 26 subjects). Then PERGs were investigated in a group of habitual smokers (17 right eyes of 17 subjects) in separate real smoking and sham smoking sessions. On each session PERGs were recorded pre-smoking (PS), immediately after smoking (IAS) and 5 min after smoking (5th) conditions. Real smoking significantly increased P50 amplitudes and decreased N95 latencies. Regarding P50 amplitudes in the real smoking sessions, the differences were significant between PS and IAS (PS: 3.3 ± 0.5 μV, IAS: 3.7 ± 0.7μV, P = 0.015) and between PS-5th (PS: 3.3 ± 0.5μV, 5th: 4.1 ± 0.9μV, P = 0.039). There was significant difference (P = 0.024) between N95 latencies of PS (98.5 ± 6.9 ms) and IAS (94.7 ± 5.1 ms) in the real smoking sessions. No statistically significant difference was observed in sham smoking sessions. Our results indicated, for the first time, that cigarette smoking may influence PERG amplitude and latency significantly in habitual smokers.     

Inhibitory effect of Thai plant extracts on P-glycoprotein mediated efflux

Curcuminoids from Curcuma longa L. and extracts of Psidium guajava L., Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees, Phyllanthus emblica L. and Solanum trilobatum L. were investigated for their inhibitory effect on P-glycoprotein (P-gp) on the efflux transport of rhodamine 123 (Rho-123 ) in Caco-2 cells and rat ileum. Of the five tested samples, curcuminoids and an extract of P. guajava showed the highest inhibitory effect on P-gp mediated efflux of Rho-123 in Caco-2 cells. Additionally, they were found to have equal potential in inhibiting Rho-123 efflux transport from serosal to mucosal surfaces of the rat ileum.