内窥镜误诊原发性十二指肠癌6例分析

目的通过分析内窥镜误诊十二指肠癌的原因，探讨如何提高原发性十二指肠癌的诊断率。方法总结我院近5年内窥镜误诊十二指肠癌的临床资料，分析误诊原因。结果内窥镜检查直视未发现病灶4例；误诊为十二指肠溃疡1例；行活检病理诊断为慢性炎症1例。结论内窥镜检查是目前诊断十二指肠癌的主要手段，但误诊、漏诊率较高。提高对本病的认识，是降低误诊率的关键。     

Virtual computed tomography colonoscopy: artifacts, image quality and radiation dose load in a cadaver study

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the interdependency of spatial resolution, image reconstruction artifacts, and radiation doses in virtual CT colonoscopy by comparing various CT scanning protocols. A pig's colon with several artificial polypoid lesions was imaged after air insufflation with helical CT scanning using 1-, 3-, and 5-mm collimation, and pitch values varying from 1.0 to 3.0. Virtual endoscopic images and “fly through” sequences were calculated on a Sun Sparc 20 workstation (Navigator Software, GE Medical Systems, Milwaukee, Wis.). Several reconstruction artifacts as well as overall image quality were evaluated by three independent reviewers. In addition, radiation doses for the different CT protocols were measured as multiple-scan average dose using a 10-cm ion chamber and a standard Plexiglass body phantom. Generally, image quality and reconstruction artifacts were less affected by pitch values than by beam collimation. Thus, narrow beam collimation at higher pitch values (e. g. 3 mm/2.0) seems to be a reasonable compromise between quality of virtual endoscopic images and radiation dose load. Received: 4 February 1999; Revised: 16 June 1999; Accepted: 17 June 1999     

Complete Removal of Colloid Cyst via CT-Guided Stereotactic Biportal Neuroendoscopy

Four patients harbouring a colloid cyst of the 3rd ventricle were operated on endoscopically. With the "classical" monoportal technique, through a precoronal burr hole only partial removal could be achieved in the first case. As the crucial point of the procedure is the safe dissection of the cyst from the thela chorioidea and from the internal cerebral veins, adequate control of the posterior rim of the foramen of Monro and the roof of the 3rd ventricle is mandatory. Accordingly in other three cases a CT-guided biportal endoscopic technique was applied, which permitted radical removal of the entire cyst with maximum safety. CT-guidance is essential for optimal planning after careful study of the individual anatomy. In this way the rigid scopes are moved exclusively along their own axes throughout the procedure, the resulting brain damage thereby being minimal. With regard to all circumstances of the procedure, the use of flexible endoscopes appears to be inappropriate and biportal endoscopy offers itself as the method of choice.     

腔镜甲状腺切除术与传统开放切除术的临床比较

目的　比较经胸部途径腔镜甲状腺切除术与传统经颈部开放切除术的临床效果。方法　将 92例适合行甲状腺单侧部分切除的患者分为腔镜组 (5 6例 )与开放组 (36例 ) ,分别行经胸部途径腔镜甲状腺切除术与传统经颈部开放切除术 ,比较其临床治疗效果。结果　腔镜组 5 6例成功完成胸骨前入路腔镜甲状腺切除术 ,无中转。术中出血量腔镜组少于开放组 ,术后患者对手术的美容效果满意度腔镜组优于开放组 ,住院费用腔镜组高于开放组 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1) ;手术时间、伤口引流量、术后止痛药使用、局部麻木感、术后住院时间比较两组间差异无显著性意义 ;两组均无大出血、喉返神经等严重并发症发生。结论　经胸部途径腔镜甲状腺切除术与传统经颈部开放切除术比较 ,美容效果好 ,但有手术费用较高的缺点。     

经皮肾微创穿刺造瘘治疗输尿管上段结石

目的　探讨经皮肾微创穿刺取石术治疗输尿管上段结石的方法和疗效。方法　回顾性分析 12 6例采用经皮肾微创穿刺治疗输尿管上段结石的临床资料。采用B超引导经皮肾穿刺建立 16～ 18F大小皮肾通道 ,使用 8 9.8F输尿管肾镜 ,结合电子弹道碎石、MCC电脑灌注泵进行手术。结果　 12 6例均Ⅰ期取石术 ,结石取净率 10 0 % ,手术时间 2 5～ 75min ,平均 5 0min ,手术后住院时间平均 5 .5d。并发输尿管梗阻 3例。结论　经皮肾微创穿刺取石术治疗输尿管上段结石疗效确切 ,具有创伤小、康复快的优点 ,单用B超引导建立皮肾通道即可 ,值得推广应用     

The combined endoscopic CO2 laser posterior cordectomy and total arytenoidectomy for treatment of bilateral vocal cord paralysis

The combined endoscopic CO₂ laser posterior cordectomy and total arytenoidectomy for treatment of bilateral vocal cord paralysis Upper airway obstruction, because of bilateral vocal cord paralysis, presents a serious challenge to the Otolaryngologist. Various surgical techniques have been advocated for the management of patients with vocal cord paralysis. Among these techniques, the individual use of laser CO₂ arytenoidectomy and posterior cordotomy has gained wide acceptance. In this report, we describe our experience in the management of bilateral vocal cord paralysis by combining posterior partial cordotomy as described by Dennis and Kashima, with total arytenoidectomy as described by Ossoff et al. We report the long‐term results in the management of 18 patients treated in our department during the last 8 years.     

The modern endoscopic approach to ureterocele

PURPOSE: During the last 20 years the surgical approach to ureterocele has evolved from major open surgery to minimally invasive endoscopic puncture. We believe that the endoscopic approach decreases the need for open surgical procedures. We identified specific factors that predict the need for repeat surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the charts of 60 new patients with ureterocele treated with primary endoscopic incision between 1991 and 1995. Followup ranged from 4 to 62 months (mean 20). Mode of presentation, ureterocele location, associated vesicoureteral reflux and association of the ureterocele with a duplex system were evaluated. Ureterocele wall thickness was assessed subjectively via radiographic and cystoscopic methods, and categorized as thin, intermediate and thick. RESULTS: All 9 patients with a single system ureterocele had an intravesical ureterocele. No patient had associated reflux nor did any require a secondary open procedure. In 3 cases new onset ipsilateral reflux into the ureterocele spontaneously resolved. Of the 51 patients with a duplex system and associated ureterocele 19 (37%) required a secondary open procedure. The ureterocele was intravesical and ectopic in 22 (43%) and 29 (57%) cases, respectively. Reflux was associated with the ureterocele in 27 patients (53%), and 12 (44%) required a secondary open procedure. A total of 11 patients underwent ureteral reimplantation of 15 refluxing renal units and only 2 renal units required ureteral tapering. Reflux is no longer present in 14 of the 15 renal units (93%). Patients with a thick walled ureterocele required repeat puncture more frequently than those with a nonthick ureterocele. CONCLUSIONS: With the use of modern endoscopic techniques children with intravesical and single system ureteroceles require secondary open surgery less frequently than those with ectopic and duplex system ureteroceles. The mode of presentation does not predict the need for a repeat open procedure. Thick walled ureteroceles require repeat endoscopic puncture more frequently than thin and intermediate walled ureteroceles.     

瑞芬太尼用于小儿气管异物镜检术麻醉的临床研究

目的研究瑞芬太尼用于小儿支气管异物镜检术麻醉对应激反应的影响。方法气管异物患儿30例,随机分为两组,A组泵注-γOH 100 mg.kg-1,B组泵注-γOH 50 mg.kg-1复合瑞芬太尼0.05μg.kg-1.min-1,检测注药前(T0)、注药后(T1)、下镜时(T2)、下镜后30 min(T3)时的BIS值、HR、RR、SaO2、PEtCO2、皮质醇及血糖浓度。结果A、B组患儿注药后HR、BIS、RR明显下降(P<0.05),但下镜时A组患儿HR明显上升(P<0.05),两组患儿下镜副皮质醇及血糖浓度都升高(P<0.05),以A组明显(P<0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼可抑制小儿气管异物镜检所致的应激反应,且无明显呼吸循环抑制。     

动脉性鼻出血的不同方法治疗及疗效探讨

目的：探讨门诊及急诊工作中动脉性鼻出血的不同治疗方法及特点。方法：鼻内窥镜下以传统的前鼻孔填塞法及电热烧灼法、微波凝固法治疗动脉性鼻出血。结果：共治疗鼻腔浅部动脉出血患者693例，其中前鼻孔填塞法治疗230例，抽纱条时停止出血患者193例（83．9％），两周以内原部位又出血者35例（18．1％）；电热烧灼法治疗328例患者，包括65例呈持续性血管搏动性出血，均治疗成功；微波烧灼法治疗135例，在出血点暂时闭合时施行手术成功者95例（70．4％），40例患者在活动性出血状态下以微波烧灼术治疗失败，改用电热烧灼法治疗后获成功。电热灼法和微波法治疗后2周以内，鼻出血患者原部位均无再次出血。结论：（1）传统前鼻孔填塞法为治疗动脉性鼻出血的一种有效方法，适宜于不易暴露的嗅裂区出血点治疗，但此法治疗时间长，患者痛苦较大，填塞术后再次出血的机会较多。（2）微波烧灼法对于活动性动脉出血点很难奏效，这与微波不能有效凝结快速流动血液有关。（3）电热灼法对静止性动脉出血点或活动性动脉出血点均能有效治疗，为最迅速和可靠的止血方法之一。     

胶囊内镜对小肠疾病的诊断价值

目的研究M2A胶囊内镜对胃肠道特别是小肠病变的检出率及病变类型,探讨胶囊内镜对小肠疾病的诊断价值.方法运用M2A胶囊内镜对37例疑诊小肠疾病和体检者进行检查.结果疑诊小肠疾病组发现小肠病变18处,包括克罗恩病、小肠寄生虫、回肠淋巴瘤、回肠Mechel憩室、小肠海绵状血管瘤、小肠息肉样病变、小肠糜烂、回肠末端炎、十二指肠炎或溃疡、十二指肠囊肿,病变检出率为81.8%,诊断阳性率为68.2%(15/22);高于体检组.两组病例M2A胶囊内镜在消化道不同部位的运行时间比较无显著差异,胶囊内镜平均工作时间,获取照片数量无显著差异,胶囊内镜图片质量佳,病人耐受性好.结论胶囊内镜对疑诊小肠疾病的病变检出率较高,而且安全无创,可以作为小肠疾病检查的首选方法.