Self‐objectification in the context of breastfeeding: A concept analysis

To increase the overall rate of breastfeeding initiation and duration, factors involved in a mother's decision to breastfeed must be identified. Self‐objectification in the context of breastfeeding was a concept selected for exploring factors associated with negative views of breastfeeding. A concept analysis following the eight‐step Walker & Avant method provides clarity and context to the concept of self‐objectification in the context of breastfeeding. The antecedents of self‐objectification in the context of breastfeeding include living in a culture of sexualization and objectification of women and the internalization of the values of objectification. Attributes of self‐objectification in the context of breastfeeding are a prioritization of physical appearance attributes of the breast over the health benefits of breastfeeding and a preoccupation with physical appearance. Consequences include negative views toward breastfeeding initiation, duration, and public breastfeeding. A concept analysis on self‐objectification in the context of breastfeeding will provide definition and clarity to this phenomenon, lend to theory and measurement, and add literature to the sociocultural factors impacting breastfeeding decisions.     

四妙勇安汤方源探析

四妙勇安汤由金银花、玄参、当归、甘草4味药物组成,为《古代经典名方目录(第一批)》中100个经典名方之一。经溯源发现,四妙勇安汤源于《石室秘录》,后由《古今图书集成·医部全录》《验方新编》等书引用。从古代文献记载来看均有方无名,"四妙勇安汤"之名,最早见于1956年《中医治疗动脉栓塞性坏疽症的成效》,是由当时记者吕民报道河北省释迦宝山用"四妙勇安汤"治疗当地的动脉栓塞性坏疽时冠名。四妙勇安汤从方药组成与剂量上看,从《石室秘录》开始即是"金银花三两,当归二两,生甘草一两,玄参三两",历代版本《方剂学》确定四妙勇安汤金银花、玄参、当归、甘草的比例就是3∶3∶2∶1。而查阅文献,释迦宝山临证所用的四妙勇安汤由"玄参132 g,当归99 g,银花66 g,甘草33 g"组成,金银花、玄参、当归、甘草的比例变成2∶4∶3∶1。从治疗时间上看,原方记载的7日愈或是10日愈,而释迦宝山将其用到了三四个月,甚至五六个月。研究认为,古籍中的四妙勇安汤,应该是用于疾病的初期,尽早发现和治疗;而释迦宝山修改过的剂量,是广泛用于脱骨疽的中后期,甚至出现坏疽的严重病情所使用的,因此服药时间长,剂量大。且四妙勇安汤临证不仅限于治疗脱骨疽,也用于大头疮等,现代该方的使用已经大为拓展。相关研究已证实四妙勇安汤具有抗炎、稳定斑块、降脂、保护血管、改善血液流变学、抗凝、抑制血栓形成和促纤溶等作用,后续应开展君臣佐使辨析,对其临床应用范围重新进行界定。     

Major incidents

A major incident is one that causes casualties on a scale beyond the usual capabilities of the emergency and healthcare services usual ability to manage. Major incident planning and rehearsal is vital to ensuring an appropriate response. Delivery of a major incident response requires command and co-ordination within and between emergency services, hospitals and specialist charitable organizations. Casualty management will require the set up of major incident infrastructure on scene to effectively extricate, triage, treat and transport casualties to appropriate facilities. There is a role for specialist doctors within the pre-hospital phase of managing a major incident, either within the ambulance command structure or operationally. Debrief and reviewing previous major incidents may identify individual, local and systemic factors that could be altered to improve the response to a future incident.     

健康教育在白血病护理中的应用效果

目的评价血液科白血病疾病护理中应用健康教育的临床效果,为白血病护理工作提供参考。方法选择医院收治的白血病患者,总计60例。进行白血病患者随机分组护理,对照组与试验组各30例白血病患者,分别采取常规护理和常规护理+健康教育,比较2组白血病患者的负性情绪、自我效能状况评分以及护理满意度、护理依从率。结果试验组白血病患者干预后SAS、SDS、GSES评分均明显优于对照组,护理满意度与护理依从率均明显高于对照组,指标差异具有统计学意义,P>0.05。结论血液科白血病治疗期间配合落实常规护理、健康教育可以在提高患者自我效能的同时提高患者的依从性,符合患者身心护理需求,整体护理效果显著。     

The impact of frost-damage on the quality and quantity of the secreted antigen-specific IgG repertoire

Freezing of alum-based vaccines drastically alters their colloidal composition and leads to irreversible cluster formation. The loss of stability is well described, but the impact of frost damage on the functionality of the induced and secreted antibody repertoire has not been studied in detail. We therefore applied our single-cell measurement platform to extract the frequencies of Immunoglobulin G-secreting cells in combination with individual secretion rates and affinities. We showed that, frost-damaged or not, the tested vaccine was able to generate similar frequencies of total and antigen-affine IgG-secreting cells. Additionally, the frost-damaged vaccine stimulated a similar T-cell cytokine secretion pattern when compared to the regularly stored vaccine. However, frost-damaged vaccines induced no efficient affinity maturation and a complete collapse of the affinity distribution was observed. This study unveiled the impact of frost-damage to alum-based vaccines on the induced secreted antibody repertoire, and illustrated the power of functional single-antibody analysis.