Language,Income, Education,and Alcohol-Related Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes

Abstract

This paper investigates the role of race/ethnicity, language skills (a proxy for acculturation among Hispanics in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas), income, and education level on alcohol-related fatal motor vehicle crashes. Using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), we confirmed previous state-based studies showing that high income and education levels have a protective influence on alcohol-related fatal motor vehicle crashes. We also confirmed that language proficiency/acculturation tends to increase the vulnerability of Hispanic women to alcohol-related fatalities. Differences in alcohol-related fatality rates across Hispanic subgroups are observed. Future reductions in alcohol-related traffic fatalities may require prevention policies that take into account existent variations in acculturation, income, and education among racial/ethnic groups and subgroups.     

四城市成年居民夏季不同时间段饮水行为的分析

目的分析北京、成都、上海、广州居民的夏季一天不同时间段的饮水行为。方法采用多阶段随机抽样方法从四城市抽取18～60岁成年人1483名,使用连续7天的饮水记录表,由调查对象利用定量用具详细记录每天8个时间段内每次饮水的种类及饮水量。结果调查对象早、中、晚餐后的饮水率(97%～99%)及饮水量(290～471ml)较其他5个时间段高(饮水率:49%～88%;饮水量:54～166ml,F=972.55,P<0.01);白水、茶水、饮料的饮水人数与饮水量的分布情况同总水趋势一致。调查对象上午(719ml/d)的饮水量最高,其次是下午(539ml/d),晚上(417ml/d)的最低(F=265.49,P<0.01)。白水和饮料的饮用量均是上午最高;茶水上午和下午的接近,同时高于晚上(t=-52.13,P<0.01)。非就餐时(1436ml/d)的饮水量高于就餐时(240ml/d)的饮水量。就餐时饮料的饮用量最高;非就餐时白水的饮用量最高(P<0.05)。结论我国四城市居民在上午、下午、晚上均以饮用白水为主;就餐时以饮用饮料为主,非就餐时以白水为主。     

Women in Treatment for Addiction

The addictions treatment field has come under increased attack for basing much of its intervention on research and theory drawn from white male experiences with addiction (Gornberg & Nirenberg, 1993; Bepko, 1991; Covington, 1991; Forth-Fiegan, 1991). The goal of this project is to review the literature for information regarding women in treatment. The literature review reminds us that women stand in the center of an intricate network consisting of cultural, community, economic and familial connections and expectations. We must acknowledge the importance of these factors and begin to build our treatment programs for women around these concerns rather than continuing to layer these concerns on top of our traditional treatment responses.     

Alcohol misuse,policy and treatment responses in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Uganda

Abstract

Alcohol has become an important feature in the lives of many inhabitants of Sub-Saharan Africa and is increasingly associated with excessive consumption and negative personal and social consequences. Uganda is one of the Sub-Saharan countries with the highest rate of alcohol-related burden in the world, but supply and demand reduction strategies such as regulatory measures, prevention and treatment programs are hardly available. Consequently, the aim of this article is to critically review the situation in Uganda as part of a regional trend. First, the origins of alcohol misuse and emerging policy initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa are discussed. Then, the consequences of alcohol misuse in Uganda are highlighted, as well as policy and treatment responses. Recommendations are formulated for developing more effective and culturally adapted treatment programs and policies.     

Older women’s experiences,identities and coping strategies for dealing with a problem-drinking male family member*

Aims: In this study, we highlight the identities and actions of women with a problem-drinking relative by analysing autobiographies of women born between the 1920s and the 1950s. We ask how women describe their relationship and the problems arising because of a significant other’s drinking and how they cope with these problems. Methods: In the analysis, we pay attention to the power dynamics between family members. We, first, trace what kind of positions or identities the protagonists take in relation to the drinker. Second, we examine what kinds of harms and emotional reactions significant other’s drinking causes. Third, we consider how writers identify or take distance from events described in the autobiographies. Findings: Our analysis reveals four main identities and coping strategies: the positions of victim, helper, boundary setter and fighter. The victim and helper positions often entail women’s weakness and oppressed role, while the positions of boundary setter and fighter express women’s own power and reflexivity in action. Conclusions: Knowledge of the identities and coping strategies is important for understanding the power aspects of a relationship and developing appropriate support for women suffering from family member’s drinking.     

Problematic alcohol use and marital distress: An interdependence theory perspective

This article reviews current literature examining problematic alcohol use and marital distress and introduces a new alcohol and marriage model within the theoretical framework of interdependence theory. Although marriage is generally associated with decreased heavy drinking and alcohol problems, many couples develop and maintain alcohol use disorders during committed relationships and marriage. When one person is affected by an alcohol use disorder, it both affects and is affected by their close relationships, particularly the relationship with their partner or spouse. While the causal connections between problematic drinking and marital distress are complex and only partially understood, available evidence demonstrates that the two problems often exacerbate each other, forming a detrimental cycle. Research using cross-sectional and longitudinal methods reveals covariation between the two as well as support for both causal directions. New models using the Actor–Partner Interdependence Model (APIM) are presented and structured around the concept that these reverse temporal effects may be operating through different mechanisms and with different moderators. Thus, determinants are presented for each directional effect. Finally, avenues for future research are discussed.