上海市嘉定区性病门诊健康促进服务质量调查研究

目的了解嘉定区性病门诊健康促进服务开展情况及相关影响因素。方法采用定性和定量相结合的方法,对嘉定区5所医疗机构性病门诊健康促进服务质量进行评估。结果共回收有效问卷402份,对14位医生进行个人访谈。安全套促进、性伴通知和自愿咨询检测提供率分别是40.3%、77.1%和83.3%,性传播疾病（STD）服务质量指标2仅为33.1%,而不同医疗机构就诊者获得STD服务的差异有统计学意义。定性访谈结果显示：性病门诊医生具有开展健康促进服务的意识,但由于激励机制、人力、物力、时间、安全套来源、患者等因素的影响,开展情况还不容乐观,尤其是安全套促进方面。结论嘉定区5所医疗机构的性病门诊健康促进服务质量不一,服务质量有待进一步提高,应加强医务人员培训,制定奖励机制,加强与计生部门的合作。     

A proposed taxonomy for characterization and assessment of avian influenza outbreaks

PURPOSE: The speed and high potential impact of avian influenza's (AI) on local bird populations, poultry economies and human health make timely and coordinated characterization, assessment and response to possible threats essential. To collaborate effectively, stakeholders (public health, medical, veterinary, and agricultural professionals) must be able to communicate and record findings, assessments, and actions in a standard fashion. We seek to discern a taxonomy of concepts and relationships that are important to the stakeholder community when sharing information about the characterization and assessment of an AI outbreak, according to a consistent and common perspective, interpretation, and level of detail. METHODS: To derive concepts relevant to AI characterization and assessment, we reviewed selected journal articles, reporting and laboratory forms, and public health websites associated with AI case reporting. We mapped concepts to existing medical terminologies within the Unified Medical Language System when possible, using the National Library of Medicine's MetaMap program. RESULTS: From 54 distinct information sources, we extracted 1113 concepts, of which 533 mapped to 15 medical terminologies; 580 did not map to specific terminologies. Using a combination of semantic type-relationship matching and expert consensus, we constructed the proposed taxonomy, with linkages to existing terminologies where pragmatic. CONCLUSION: The proposed taxonomy describes core knowledge, data and communication needs for the characterization and assessment of AI outbreaks in the context of existing medical terminologies across different domains. We also describe areas for further work.     

Road not taken: lessons to be learned from Queen v. Gillett

Following the decision in the Gillet Case it may no longer be safe to rely on the Austroads guidelines when considering fitness to drive. This paper examines the case and its implications. Although the Guidelines claimed '... the identification and application of world best-practice...', they were disregarded by the court in Gillet. Both expert witnesses testified that on disclosure of epilepsy the accused would have been endorsed as fit for a licence application to the Roads & Traffic Authority, on the basis of 10 years of only nocturnal seizures, in accordance with the guidelines. The Court rejected this evidence and interpreted failure to disclose epilepsy as recognition of perceived risk and the previously undiagnosed sleep apnoea as the basis for that risk, despite being diagnosed after the accident. There needs to be greater certainty in the application of the guidelines, with legislative intervention and licenses should display a bold statement advising drivers of their responsibility to notify authorities of illnesses that could potentially affect driving.     

南宁市基层医疗卫生机构传染病报告与处理现状调查

目的 了解广西南宁市基层医疗卫生机构传染病报告与处理现状及存在的问题,为促进广西基层医疗卫生机构传染病报告与处理工作的开展提供依据,推进公共卫生均等化.方法采用整群随机抽样方法,抽取南宁市一个城区,根据桂卫办[2010]23号和桂卫办[2010]27号文件中有关要求,确定调查内容.结果广西南宁市基层医疗卫生机构已不同程度开展了传染病报告与处理工作;乡镇卫生院传染病报告工作体系较健全,地方疾病控制机构尚未对社区卫生服务机构的传染病报告工作进行管理;传染病处理工作处于起步阶段.结论卫生行政管理部门要及时跟进国家医改发展步伐,建立起有效的联动机制,加强对基层医疗卫生机构传染病报告与处理工作的管理与扶持;地方疾病控制机构要尽快对社区卫生服务机构的责任区域进行认定,使传染病管理工作及时到位;基层医疗卫生机构要严格执行<传染病报告和处理服务规范>.     

如何正确计算并报告高危人群的检出指标及组间比较的统计学检验

目的探讨医学研究中出现的一类问题,即高危人群检出指标的计算、报告及组间比较的统计学检验的正确性。方法查阅文献,列举当前研究者对高危人群检出指标的计算方式及组间统计学检验方法。结果当前文献报告的高危人群检出率与组间的统计学检验方法是错误的;而对组间进行的统计学检验并非是对高危人群检出率间进行的检验。结论建议对高危人群检出指标应计算及报告高危人群检出率;而对组间比较时,应去除病人人群,检验高危人群的构成比间是否有统计学差异,并在文中加以说明。     

Capture–Recapture Method for Estimating Annual Incidence of Imported Dengue,France, 2007–2010

Imported dengue cases pose the public health risk for local circulation in European areas, especially southeast France, where the Aedes mosquito is established. Using a capture–recapture method with Chao’s estimator, we estimated the annual incidence of dengue fever and the completeness of existing mandatory notification and laboratory network surveillance systems. During 2007–2010, >8,300 cases with laboratory evidence of recent dengue infection were diagnosed. Of these cases, 4,500 occurred in 2010, coinciding with intense epidemics in the French West Indies. Over this 4-year period, 327 cases occurred in southeast France during the vector activity period. Of these, 234 cases occurred in 2010, most of them potentially viremic. Completeness of the mandatory notification and laboratory network systems were ≈10% and 40%, respectively, but higher in southeast areas during May–November (32% and 69%, respectively). Dengue surveillance systems in France provide complementary information that is essential to the implementation of control measures.     

Drake Chemical Workers' Health Registry Study: I. Notification and medical surveillance of a group of workers at high risk of developing bladder cancer

A medical surveillance program and epidemiologic study of 408 former workers of the Drake Chemical Company (now a Superfund waste site) was established in 1986. The Drake Health Registry Study was initiated because these workers had probable past exposures to beta-naphthylamine (BNA), a potent bladder carcinogen. The registry is widely viewed as a model for notification of workers at high risk of disease due to past occupational exposures. By the 40th month, 90% of the 366 living workers had been notified of the existence of the registry; 262 had been enrolled in the annual or semi-annual screening for bladder cancer. Among these, 27 persons have had abnormal screening results indicating moderate to high risk of bladder cancer and have been made eligible for further diagnostic tests. While no invasive bladder tumors were found among 18 persons completing the extended diagnostic evaluation, two diagnoses of moderate to severe dysplasia have been made. The registry has also identified three living and three deceased cases of bladder cancer in the cohort; a mortality analysis showed a 20- to 30-fold excess of bladder cancer. An incidence projection, based on the six identified cases, reveals that between six and ten new bladder cancer cases are likely to occur among the Drake cohort over the next 20 year period.     

Importance of evaluating the context within which notification occurs

Workers' response to notification about health effects from exposure to toxic materials is determined not just by the content of the message but also by the “context” within which notification occurs, that is, the workers' prenotification knowledge, attitudes, and experiences concerning environmental health risks in general as well as the health problem that is the subject of the notification. In many cases, workers already have a high level of awareness of environmental health issues and are also aware that their work environments could be bad for their health, before receiving official notification of a particular health risk. This is one reason why worker notification programs often have limited impacts on the workers' health behaviors. To understand this process, researchers should assess workers' baseline attitudes and behaviors and study how they affect response to notification. Persons conducting notification programs should evaluate workers' prenotification attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors, and use this information in planning notification efforts. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Worker notification: Viewpoint of the employer

Prior to notifying workers of risk exposure, employers should first consider and weigh the psychological, physiological, and social costs as well as the potential negative impact on labor-management relations, community resources, and the costs of false negatives and false positives. Only if the contributions of notification override and outweigh the composite costs should employers feel compelled to notify workers. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.