自然界中华按蚊种群研究工具及其在生命表制作中的应用

目的：为了能在自然界大型水体和旷野中对中华按蚊种群进行研究。方法：研制出适合于稻田浅水定量研究的实验简,适合于深水的实验网和接近自然状态的大实验笼。应用这些工具进行了自然界中华按蚊种群生命表的研究。结果：利用系列研究工具定量研究出1988年第8代中华按蚊自然种群生命表。求出各发育历期的死亡数和死亡因素,死亡率,存活率和死亡因素k值,分析出各发育阶段的关键死亡因素,计算下代预计产卵量为8288粒,种群趋势指数I为6．3027。结论：系列研究工具使中华按蚊自然种群的定量研究成为可能。郑州中华按蚊第9代种群数量还趋于增加之中。     

探讨传统客户／服务器应用和Web的结合方法

提出了传统客户／服务器应用和Ｗｅｂ结合的五种模型,对每种模型的优缺点和适用性进行了讨论,且介绍了一个基于Ｗｅｂ技术的新一代客户／服务器应用快速开发工具。     

Bright Futures Ahead

Bright Futures will be an essential component in assuring quality in the implementation of Title XXI of the Social Security Act, the new State Child Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). With this federal announcement and with nationwide acceptance of Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children and Adolescents, the Maternal and Child Health Bureau is supporting the National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health (NCEMCH) in a multiyear implementation phase: Building Bright Futures. The publication Bright Futures in Practice: Oral Health is the first volume in the second generation of Bright Future's publications. Utilizing its successful methodology of collaborating with many partners, NCEMCH has formed multidisciplinary panels of experts to prepare population-specific publications and provide implementation tools and training to broaden the movement for a series of guidelines and materials that respond to current and emerging needs of children and adolescents.     

Comparison of nutritional risk screening tools in patients on admission to hospital

Background and aims Undernutrition has been frequently reported in patients on admission to hospital. Because this is not always detected promptly, screening for nutritional risk on admission has been widely advocated. Although there is no universally accepted ‘gold standard’ for defining undernutrition, the definition used by McWhirter, J.P. & Pennington, C.R. [(1994) Br. Med. J. 308 , 945] has been widely used by clinical nutrition specialists. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of two frequently used nutritional risk screening tools in detecting undernutrition according to this definition. Methods Both the Nutrition Risk Index [Veterans Affairs Total Parenteral Nutrition Co‐operative Study Group (1991) N. Engl. J. Med. 325 , 525] and the Nutrition Risk Score [Reilly H.M. et al. (1995) Clin. Nutr. 14 , 269] were used to screen for undernutrition in 359 admissions to two acute teaching hospitals in Dublin. Undernutrition was defined as a Body Mass Index below 20 kg m^?2 and a triceps skinfold thickness or mid‐arm muscle circumference below the 15th percentile. Comparison of stratification of nutritional risk by the two screening tools was carried out. Results Both screening tools identified over 40% (Nutrition Risk Index, 44%; Nutrition Risk Score, 46%) of all patients assessed as at nutritional risk on admission. However, one‐third of the undernourished patients were classified as at no nutrition risk by the Nutrition Risk Index, while almost one‐fifth of those undernourished were classified as at low risk by the Nutrition Risk Score. The degree of nutritional risk differed with the screening tool used, the Nutrition Risk Score classifying 29% of all patients as high risk while the Nutrition Risk Index classified only 5% as in the high risk category. Conclusions Although a large proportion of patients on admission were classified as being at nutritional risk, the degree of risk was significantly different depending on the screening tool used. Both nutritional risk screening tools evaluated in this study failed to recognize many cases of undernutrition. Evaluation of the efficacy of nutritional screening tools should be promoted as seriously as the development of such tools.     

体视学研究的辅助工具：现状与展望

生物组织显微镜下的形态定量研究，涉及固定、脱水、包埋、切片、染色、视野抽样和测试等一系列步骤。有助于这些步骤的工具就是体视学研究的辅助工具。目前市面有售的主要辅助工具是体视学图像系统，它包含电脑图像与测格系统、机动显微镜载物台以及载物台Z轴位移测量仪等。还有一些曾用过的或者可能开发应用的辅助工具，有如等距刀片机、包埋模具和数据记录仪。本文对此进行了系统性的评述，以供体视学应用时参考。     

Understanding online health information: Evaluation,tools, and strategies

ObjectiveConsidering the status of the Internet as a prominent source of health information, assessing online health material has become a central issue in patient education. We describe the strategies available to evaluate the characteristics of online health information, including readability, emotional content, understandability, usability.MethodsPopular tools used in assessment of readability, emotional content and comprehensibility of online health information were reviewed. Tools designed to evaluate both printed and online material were considered.ResultsReadability tools are widely used in online health material evaluation and are highly covariant. Assessment of emotional content of online health-related communications via sentiment analysis tools is becoming more popular. Understandability and usability tools have been developed specifically for health-related material, but each tool has important limitations and has been tested on a limited number of health issues.ConclusionDespite the availability of numerous assessment tools, their overall reliability differs between readability (high) and understandability (low). Approaches combining multiple assessment tools and involving both quantitative and qualitative observations would optimize assessment strategies.Practice implicationsEffective assessment of online health information should rely on mixed strategies combining quantitative and qualitative evaluations. Assessment tools should be selected according to their functional properties and compatibility with target material.     

Specimen processing during laparoscopic renal surgery: a review of techniques and technologies

Laparoscopic surgery has well-defined benefits for patients and has become accepted over time as a standard access strategy for the management of benign and malignant urologic diseases. Unlike in open surgery, the surgeon is often faced with the additional challenges of specimen retrieval and extraction at the end of laparoscopic extirpative procedures. This final step often requires significant laparoscopic skill to entrap and safely extract the laparoscopic specimens. Failure to apply safe exit steps at the end of a laparoscopic procedure may lead to significant morbidity. The aim of this review is to explore the different techniques and technologies available for laparoscopic kidney retrieval, entrapment and safe extraction.     

Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular apical aneurysm: Importance of multi‐modality imaging

Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an uncommon variant of HCM characterized by apical hypertrophy without the septal predominance seen in the majority of HCM cases. In 2% of patients, a concomitant left ventricular apical aneurysm is observed, which increases the risk of sudden death and adverse HCM‐related events. Multimodality imaging is helpful for appropriate identification of this particular morphologic pattern. Herein, we present a case of apical HCM with a left ventricular apical aneurysm, exemplifying the utility of a multimodality approach from resting electrocardiogram, transthoracic echocardiogram, left ventriculography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, for proper risk stratification and treatment planning.