Identification of promotion and prevention associated surgeon behaviors in the operating room to facilitate resident self-regulated learning

BackgroundThe regulatory focus theory (RFT) posits that people can pursue goals with a promotion or prevention focus. Greater alignment of RFT motivational styles between faculty and residents may enhance resident operative autonomy. This study establishes a set of faculty behaviors residents can identify to infer faculty motivational styles.Methods10 behaviors associated with promotion and prevention motivational styles were identified. General surgery residents rated faculty on how strongly they exhibit these behaviors. Faculty conducted a self-assessment of how strongly they exhibit these behaviors.ResultsThere is a positive correlation between resident and faculty ratings for the promotion-associated behaviors of “works quickly,” “high energy,” and “mostly provides broad oversight,” and for the prevention-associated behaviors of “works slowly and deliberately,” “quiet and calm,” and “preference for vigilant strategies.”ConclusionResidents can observe faculty operative behaviors to infer faculty motivational styles. Residents may use this knowledge to adjust to faculty motivational styles and enhance operative interactions.     

Crystallization during volume reduction of solutions with a composition corresponding to that in the collecting duct: the influence of hydroxyapatite seed crystals and urinary macromolecules

To examine the effect of hydroxyapatite (HAP) seed crystals and urinary macromolecules on the crystallization under conditions similar to those in the collecting duct, we evaporated 100 ml samples of salt solutions with an ion composition assumed to correspond to that in the collecting duct without and with HAP seed crystals. The crystallization in seeded solutions was assessed both with and without dialysed urine (dU). After evaporation the number and volume of crystals were recorded in a Coulter Multisizer and the crystal morphology examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray crystallography. Addition of HAP crystals was apparently followed by an approximately 15–20% increase in heterogeneous nucleation of calcium oxalate (CaOx). In these experiments SEM and X-ray crystallography showed a high percentage of CaOx in the precipitate. In samples reduced to 40–69 ml, addition of dU to the collecting duct solution containing HAP seed resulted in a greater mean (SD) number of crystals; 3895 (1841) in samples with dU and 1785 (583) in samples without. This was mainly explained by an increased mean (SD) number of small crystals. The mean crystal volume was 17.8 (1.1) and 34.3 (9.1) in samples reduced to 40–69 ml with and without dU, respectively. This might reflect the inhibitory effect of dU on the growth and/or aggregation of the CaOx-CaP precipitate or a promoted nucleation resulting in a large number of small crystals. It is concluded that calcium phosphate formed above the collecting duct might induce heterogeneous nucleation of CaOx at lower levels of the renal collecting system, and that urinary macromolecules are powerful modifiers of these processes. Received: 8 July 1998 / Accepted: 12 March 1999     

Dibromoethane effects on the induction of γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase positive foci in rat liver

The initiating and promoting activities of 1,2-dibromoethane in rat liver were investigated using the enzyme-altered foci bioassay. The incidence of -glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGT)-positive foci was used as an early histochemical marker for hepatocarcinogenesis. To determine the initiating activity of 1,2-dibromoethane, the halogenated hydrocarbon was administered orally in corn oil as single or multiple doses (60 or 120 mg/kg) either before or after partial hepatectomy. The animals were then given a promoting regimen of 500 ppm phenobarbital in their drinking water. No increase in the incidence of GGT-positive foci was observed in any of the 1,2-dibromoethane initiation groups. The tumor promoting activity of 1,2-dibromoethane was determined in partially hepatectomized rats which were initiated with N-nitrosodiethylamine (30 mg/kg; po), and one week later were administered 1,2-dibromoethane (10 or 30 mg/kg) orally in corn oil five times weekly for 8 weeks. Control groups receiving sham hepatectomy or no initiator were also treated with the halogenated hydrocarbon five times weekly. Only in those animals which received partial hepatectomy, N-nitrosodiethylamine initiation, and 1,2-dibromoethane was the incidence of GGT-positive foci significantly increased. These results do not support significant initiator activity of 1,2-dibromoethane in rat liver, but do indicate that 1,2-dibromoethane possesses promoter activity which may contribute to its carcinogenic activity.     

The 1.5 GHz Electromagnetic Near-field Used for Cellular Phones Does Not Promote Rat Liver Carcinogenesis in a Medium-term Liver Bioassay

We have recently established that local exposure to a 929.2 MHz electromagnetic near-field, used for cellular phones, does not promote rat liver carcinogenesis in a medium-term bioassay system. In the present study, a 1.439 GHz electromagnetic near-field (EMF), another microwave band employed for cellular phones in Japan, was similarly investigated. Time division multiple access (TDMA) signals for the Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) Japanese cellular telephone standard system were directed to rats through a quarter-wavelength monopole antenna. Numerical dosimetry showed that the peak SARs within the liver were 1.91–0.937 W/kg, while the whole-body average specific absorption rates (SARs) were 0.680–0.453 W/kg, when the time-averaged antenna radiation power was 0.33 W. Exposure was for 90 min a day, 5 days a week, over 6 weeks, to male F344 rats given a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (200 mg/kg, i.p.) 2 weeks previously. At week 3, all rats were subjected to a two-thirds partial hepatectomy. At week 8, the experiment was terminated and the animals were killed. Carcinogenic potential was scored by comparing the numbers and areas of the induced glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive foci in the livers of exposed (48) and sham-exposed rats (48). Despite increased serum levels of corticosterone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melatonin, the numbers and the areas of GST-P-positive foci were not significantly altered by the exposure. These findings clearly indicated that local body exposure to a 1.439 GHz EMF, as in the case of a 929.2 MHz field, has no promoting effect on rat liver carcinogenesis in the present model.     

从泰国传统医药立法探讨我国的中医药知识产权保护方法

近年来传统医药保护问题获得世界各国普遍关注.其中,泰国推出了以国家立法形式对传统医药知识做特殊保护的方法,对发展中国家具有一定借鉴作用.本文在介绍泰国传统医药知识产权保护政策基础上,对我国中医药知识产权保护方法提出了构想.     

从药品的特殊属性谈医药企业的服务营销

目的 :探讨我国医药企业在市场竞争日益激烈的现状下的服务营销策略选择。方法 :分析处方药品和非处方药品的服务特性 ,并介绍药品市场营销的新观念———服务营销的发展及应用。结果与结论 :医药企业的服务营销应针对处方药品走服务的差异化、有形化、规范化道路 ;针对非处方药品走服务的标准化、技巧化、品牌化道路。     

贵州省2004年流行性乙型脑炎监测与控制策略探讨

目的通过对贵州省2004年流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)监测及高发地区预防接种的实施,分析乙脑流行状况,并探讨控制策略。方法对疫情信息监测管理系统信息、个案调查资料、实验室结果进行分析;在4个乙脑高发地区,对≤10岁儿童接种乙脑疫苗并进行综合分析。结果2004年共报告乙脑1 230例,≤10岁病例占总病例数的86.59%(1 065/1 230)。男女性发病比例为1.58∶1;全年除1月外均有报告病例,主要集中7~9月;遵义市、毕节地区、黔东南苗族侗族自治州、黔西南布依族苗族自治州乙脑病例数占全省总病例数的65.85%(810/1 230)。有免疫史的占6.90%(26/377),无免疫史和免疫史不详的占93.10%(351/377)。实验室检测乙脑IgM抗体阳性率为74.90%(188/251),实验室诊断病例数占总病例数的15.28%。与2003年比较乙脑发病下降29.80%。结论建立并提高乙脑监测及实验室血清学诊断水平,实施乙脑疫苗预防接种为主的综合防治措施,尤其对高发地区的≤10岁儿童开展乙脑疫苗预防接种,进一步降低乙脑发病率。     

实施乙型肝炎免疫策略后免疫效果研究

目的探讨江门市区适龄人口乙型肝炎(乙肝)的免疫及感染状况,为评价江门市区实施16年的乙肝免疫策略提供依据.方法按分层随机抽样的方法在江门市区的幼儿园、小学、初中各抽2所学校,按统一制定的调查表进行现场调查研究,重点调查乙肝免疫接种和感染(发病)情况.结果本组调查2～18岁人群3719人,全程以上免疫接种率(全免率)为91.10%,乙肝感染(发病)率为1.13%,感染(发病)率的高低与年龄及全免率密切相关,实施免疫策略前出生的人群(17～18岁)全免率为62.00%,感染(发病)率为12.00%;实施免疫策略后出生的人群(2～16岁),全免率为91.49%,感染(发病)率为0.98%,两者相比,差异有非常显著性(x2=53.52,P＜0.005);江门市区出生的人群,全免率为93.54%,感染(发病)率为0.36%,外地出生(或迁入)的人群,全免率为79.19%,感染(发病)率为5.00%,两者相比,差异有非常显著性(x2=99.58,P＜0.005).结论相关数据显示,江门市区1986年1月开始实施的乙肝免疫策略是成功的.     

传染性非典型肺炎防制措施和策略探讨

本文对传染性非典型肺炎的流行特征、流行情况作简要综述,探讨其防治控制措施策略,以提高对突发性传染性疾病的防制能力。