基于WHO-FICs作业治疗改善脑卒中上肢功能效果的系统综述

目的 基于世界卫生组织国际分类家族(WHO-FICs)构建作业治疗改善脑卒中上肢功能的PICO架构,并分析主要作业疗法改善脑卒中患者上肢功能的效果。方法 运用WHO-FICs框架,检索Web of Science、PubMed、CNKI、SinoMed等数据库,收集建库至2022年10月关于作业治疗干预脑卒中上肢功能的相关文献,并进行系统综述。结果 最终纳入10项随机对照试验,382例参与者(≥18岁),来自6个国家,主要来源于康复医学、物理和康复医学、神经科学、生物工程医学、作业治疗等研究领域,发表年限集中于2013年以后。纳入文献物理治疗证据数据库(PEDro)量表评分平均7.5分。基于WHO-FICs框架,纳入文献中涉及的疾病类型涵盖脑出血(8B00)、缺血性脑卒中(8B11)、蛛网膜下腔出血(8B01)、肌张力和异常反射(MB47)、偏瘫(MB53)。主要功能障碍包括关节活动功能(b710)、关节稳定性功能(b715)、肌肉力量功能(b730)、肌张力功能(b735)、运动反射功能(b750)、随意运动控制功能(b760)、不随意运动功能(b765)。主要活动受限和参与局限包括...     

Short-term effects of electronic and tobacco cigarettes on exhaled nitric oxide

The objective of this study was to compare the short-term respiratory effects due to the inhalation of electronic and conventional tobacco cigarette-generated mainstream aerosols through the measurement of the exhaled nitric oxide (eNO). To this purpose, twenty-five smokers were asked to smoke a conventional cigarette and to vape an electronic cigarette (with and without nicotine), and an electronic cigarette without liquid (control session).     

Locust bean gum safety in neonates and young infants: An integrated review of the toxicological database and clinical evidence

Locust bean gum (LBG) is a galactomannan polysaccharide used as thickener in infant formulas with the therapeutic aim to treat uncomplicated gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Since its use in young infants below 12 weeks of age is not explicitly covered by the current scientific concept of the derivation of health based guidance values, the present integrated safety review aimed to compile all the relevant preclinical toxicological studies and to combine them with substantial evidence gathered from the clinical paediatric use as part of the weight of evidence supporting the safety in young infants below 12 weeks of age. LBG was demonstrated to have very low toxicity in preclinical studies mainly resulting from its indigestible nature leading to negligible systemic bioavailability and only possibly influencing tolerance. A standard therapeutic level of 0.5 g/100 mL in thickened infant formula is shown to confer a sufficiently protective Margin of Safety. LBG was not associated with any adverse toxic or nutritional effects in healthy term infants, while there are limited case-reports of possible adverse effects in preterms receiving the thickener inappropriately. Altogether, it can be concluded that LBG is safe for its intended therapeutic use in term-born infants to treat uncomplicated regurgitation from birth onwards.     

抗生素分级管理制度的应用分析及效果

目的：探讨抗生素分级管理制度实施后的应用效果。方法对本院2O11年1-6月即抗生素分级管理制度实施前和2O12年1-6月即抗生素分级管理制度实施后本院住院、门诊抗生素的使用率、Ⅰ类切口手术抗生素预防使用率进行分析,观察变化情况。结果实行抗生素分级管理后,住院、门诊抗生素的使用频率及Ⅰ类切口手术抗生素药物的预防使用率均比前一年降低,差异有统计学意义（ P 〈 O. O5）。结论抗生素分级管理应用于医院用药系统中对指导临床合理使用抗生素具有重要的指导意义,值得临床上进行普遍的推广使用。     

2020 Vision – The Year of the Nurse and Midwife

The World Health Organization has designated 2020 as the Year of the Nurse and Midwife. With a predicted shortfall of more than nine million nurses and midwives by 2030, the World Health Organization has recognized the urgency of tackling the approaching workforce issues head on. The activities planned should provide a once in a generation opportunity to promote the nursing profession and address crucial issues, such as recruitment and retention, professional development and pay and conditions. The International Council of Nurses is working closely with its National Nursing Associations around the world and other key nursing and health organizations, to create a long‐lasting legacy that will raise the profile of the profession with the public, boost its professional status, and make it sustainable in the future.     

International Council of Nurses: putting nurses at the centre of the world’s policymaking has benefits for us all

This year’s International Council of Nurses Congress in Singapore was an opportunity for nurses from around the world to discuss and shape policy and practice around the world. The World Health Organization recognises ICN’s unique ability to influence its policies, represent nursing and help with the challenges that lie ahead, including a potential shortfall of nine million nurses by 2030. All nurses can get involved in efforts to raise the profile of the profession and attract a new generation who will continue to maintain the high standards expected of registered nurses for decades to come.     

‘It depends what you mean by leadership’: An analysis of stakeholder perspectives on consumer leadership

Contemporary mental health policies call for increased involvement of consumers in leadership across mental health service design, delivery, and evaluation. However, consumer leadership is not currently well understood within academia or in mental health services themselves. This study investigates how consumer leadership is currently conceptualized by stakeholders at the service delivery level. To this end, semistructured interviews were conducted with 14 mental health organization members identifying as consumer leaders, colleagues supporting consumer leaders, or organization executives. Interview data were analysed using an inductive thematic analysis to develop a broad understanding of participants’ perceptions of consumer leadership. Findings indicate constructions of consumer leadership within mental health organizations can be understood in relation to four themes: consumer leadership roles, requirements, purpose, and process. Inconsistencies across participants’ perceptions of consumer leadership were identified as constituting barriers to its development, highlighting the need to better clarify the nature of consumer leadership.