饮食护理对糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析患者营养状况和并发症的影响评价

目的评价饮食护理对糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析患者营养状况和并发症的影响。方法在2019年6月—2020年6月期间选取92例糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析患者作为研究对象,电脑随机分为两组,对照组给予常规护理,观察组加强饮食护理,分析对患者营养状况及并发症的影响。结果护理后,观察组ALB、PA、TR、DPI、nPCR水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组并发症发生率为8.70%较低,低于对照组28.26%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组透析结束时低血糖发生率为0.00%,低于对照组13.04%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);护理后,观察组患者生活质量评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);护理后,观察组IL-6、TNF-α水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论饮食护理对糖尿病肾病维持性血液透析患者营养状况具有改善作用,可减少并发症发生,提高患者生活质量。     

不同营养支持方式对AECOPD患者营养状态影响的研究

目的 探讨不同营养支持方式对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者营养状态的临床研究。方法 随机选取556例AECOPD患者进行回顾性分析,其中肠内营养(EN)组36例、肠内联合肠外营养(EN PN)组45例、肠外营养(PN)组201例、对照组274例。对照组给予常规治疗,营养支持组在此基础上分别给予不同的营养支持方式,比较四组患者治疗前后营养、免疫、肝肾功能指标变化。结果 (1)营养及免疫状态：治疗后各营养支持组患者总蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白均较对照组明显升高(p<0.05),PN组白蛋白、淋巴细胞数均较对照组明显升高(p<0.05);治疗后PN组血红蛋白较EN组升高(p<0.05);治疗后EN组、EN PN组总蛋白均较PN组升高(p<0.05)。(2)肝肾功能：治疗后PN组ALT、AST和CR均较对照组明显增高(p<0.05),治疗后EN PN组CR较对照组明显增高(p<0.05),各营养组BUN较对照组改善不明显(p>0.05)。结论 在常规治疗基础上应用营养支持治疗可以明显改善AECOPD患者的营养状态,肠外营养对患者肝肾功能有一定的影响。     

Effects of Royal jelly on metabolic variables in diabetes mellitus: A systematic review

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine disorders in the world. This systematic review was conducted with focus on the current knowledge on the effect of royal jelly on metabolic variables in diabetes mellitus. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ProQuest and Google Scholar databases were searched from inception until June 2018. All clinical trials and animal studies that evaluated the effects of royal jelly on diabetes mellitus, and were published in English-language journals were eligible. Studies that provided insufficient outcomes were excluded. Out of 522 articles found in the search, only twelve articles were eligible for analysis. Seven studies showed a significant reduction in FBS, and one reported HbA1c decrease following royal jelly supplementation. Although royal jelly supplementation resulted in significant reductions in HOM A-I R in three studies, the findings on insulin levels were controversial. In addition, royal jelly substantially improved serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL and Apo-A1 in diabetes mellitus. In addition, royal jelly resulted in a decrease oxidative stress indicators and increase antioxidant enzymes levels. In conclusion, royal jelly could improve glycemic status, lipid profiles and oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. However, exploring the underlying mechanisms warrants further studies.     

卒中单元综合治疗对血管性认知功能损害患者认知功能、生活质量以及照料者心理状态的影响

目的 观察卒中单元综合治疗对血管性认知功能损害（VCI）患者认知功能、生活质量及照料者心理状态的影响。 方法 将符合入组标准的93例VCI患者按随机数字表法分为对照组44例,治疗组49例,其照料者对应分为照料对照组44例和照料治疗组49例。2组患者均采用常规药物治疗（基础药物,加上石杉碱甲和尼麦角林片）,对照组照料者不作任何其它干预,治疗组在上述治疗的基础上增加卒中单元综合康复治疗（肢体运动训练、社交训练、认知训练、健康教育等）,同时治疗组照料者给予系统的VCI及脑卒中相关健康教育、康复知识、技能培训及适当的抗抑郁抗焦虑药物治疗。2组患者均于治疗前、治疗后3个月和6个月后进行简易精神状态检查（MMSE）、蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）、日常生活能力量表（ADL）、Spitzer生活质量指数（QLI）评定;2组患者的照料者均于治疗前、治疗后3个月和6个月后进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评定。 结果 治疗3个月和6个月后,治疗组患者的MMSE、MoCA、ADL和QLI评分较组内治疗前和对照组同时间点比较,均显著改善,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗3个月和6个月后,照料治疗组的HAMD评分分别为（7.58±3.28）分和（7.73±3.61）分,与组内治疗前和对照组同时间点比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）,且治疗3个月和6个月后,照料治疗组的HAMA评分与组内治疗前和对照组同时间点比较,差异亦均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 卒中单元综合治疗可显著改善VCI患者的认知功能、生活质量以及照料者的心理状态。     

Improving healthcare access for older adults with intellectual disability: What are the needs?

This qualitative study was carried out in Spain with the aim of identifying the changes that the health system should make to improve healthcare access for older adults with intellectual disability. Three hundred and sixty‐nine family members and professionals expressed their opinion on how healthcare access could be improved. Participants responded to two open‐ended questions included in a general survey about the health status of older individuals with intellectual disability. Most informants were women and professionals who had known the person with intellectual disability for more than 12 months. A system of categories, which showed good inter‐rater agreement, was developed to analyse participants’ written responses. Both family members and professionals emphasized the need to improve disability training for healthcare practitioners and highlighted the urgent need for flexibility in the structure of a healthcare system that currently overlooks the specific needs of this vulnerable population.     

Insomnia and its associated factors in incarcerated adults: A cross‐sectional study

No evidence exists in the literature concerning the prevalence of insomnia and its associated risk factors among prison inmates in Taiwan. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with insomnia among inmates in a large prison in Taiwan. A cross‐sectional anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted at a prison. The participants were 1490 male inmates. Participants completed the self‐reported Insomnia Severity Index–Chinese version questionnaire, and the sociodemographic and psychological distress questionnaires for the study. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze and compare the differences between inmates with and without insomnia. The prevalence of insomnia was 26.9%. The study determined that anxiety, self‐rated health status, and religious beliefs were independent predictors of insomnia in male inmates. Given the adverse effect of insomnia and its social consequences, it is crucial to develop prevention programs to mitigate insomnia in inmates.     

Physical health status of older adults with severe mental illness: The PHiSMI‐E cohort study

The objective was to use various somatic parameters as basis for investigating the physical health of older adults with severe mental illnesses (SMI). A cross‐sectional study design is performed by using baseline data from the Physical Health in SMI‐elderly (PHiSMI‐E) study. Data were collected using the Nursing Monitoring of Somatic Status and Lifestyle – Mental Health instrument in adults aged over 60 with SMI in a large Dutch mental health institute. Ninety‐nine elderly SMI patients were included. Somatic comorbidity (84.8%), use of somatic medication (77.7%) and polypharmacy (67.7%) were prevalent. Extrapyramidal symptoms were experienced by 51% of patients, mainly in the subgroup with psychotic disorders (75.6%). Unhealthy diet was reported in 16.2%, obesity in 27.3%, and physical inactivity in 57.6%. Fatigue (67.7%) and dry mouth (66.6%) were the commonest reported physical symptoms. Mean VAS score (scale 0–10) indicating participants’ self‐perceived physical health was 6.7 (SD ± 1.6). After division of the total patient group into tertiles based on the VAS scores, the lowest tertile was characterized by less physical activity, unhealthier diet, more use of medication, more fatigue, somnolence, and inner agitation. In conclusion, impaired physical health status was common in these older patients with SMI. Although they had more psychiatric and somatic comorbidity than adult SMI patients described in the literature, they had a healthier lifestyle. To reduce morbidity and premature mortality in these frail patients, it is essential that healthcare providers are aware of the high prevalence of somatic comorbidity and symptoms, and of their interactions with the psychiatric disorders. This study improves our understanding of differences in vulnerability factors of older patients with SMI. The (early) detection of somatic comorbidities may improve long‐term health outcomes of these patients.     

Effects of fulminant hepatic encephalopathy on the adult rat brain antioxidant status and the activities of acetylcholinesterase, (Na+,K+)- and Mg2+-ATPase: comparison of the enzymes’ response to in vitro treatment with ammonia

Hepatic encephalopathy can be a life-threatening complication of fulminant hepatic failure. By understanding the pathophysiology involved in the induction of this neuropsychiatric disorder, future therapeutic and/or preventive attempts could be considered. In this study, an attempt has been made in order to shed more light on the mechanisms involved in the effects of thioacetamide (TAA)-induced fulminant hepatic encephalopathy on: (a) the adult rat brain total antioxidant status (TAS) and (b) the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), (Na(+),K(+))-ATPase and Mg(2+)-ATPase. Moreover, in vitro experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the possible role of ammonia (incubated as NH(4)Cl, in a toxic concentration of 3mM) in the observed effects of TAA-induced fulminant hepatic encephalopathy on the examined adult rat brain enzyme activities. Fulminant hepatic encephalopathy caused a significant decrease in TAS (-22%, p < 0.001) and the activity of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase (-26%, p < 0.001), but had non-significant effects on the whole brain AChE and Mg(2+)-ATPase activities. The in vitro experiments (conducted through a 3h incubation with ammonia), showed no significant alterations in any of the examined parameters. Our in vitro and in vivo findings suggest that alterations in AChE and Mg(2+)-ATPase activities are not involved in the pathophysiology of the adult-onset fulminant hepatic encephalopathy, while the observed Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibition could be a result of the oxidative stress, neurotransmission deregulation, and/or of the presence of other toxic substances (that appear to act as direct or indirect inhibitors of the enzyme) and not due to the excess accumulation of ammonia in the brain.