社区吸烟者心理特质及其对尼古丁依赖程度的影响研究

背景　心理社会因素是影响尼古丁依赖的重要因素,关于吸烟原因和心理社会因素联合影响尼古丁依赖程度的研究较少见。目的　调查北京市社区吸烟人群心理健康状况,并探讨其对尼古丁依赖程度的影响。方法　2018-2019年,采用横断面研究方法,通过现场发放问卷调查北京市12家社区的吸烟者407人,纳入戒烟干预研究队列,采用自编社会人口学问卷收集吸烟者的人口学信息,采用尼古丁依赖量表评估吸烟者尼古丁依赖程度,采用拒烟自我效能问卷、Russell吸烟原因问卷、领悟社会支持量表及特质应对方式问卷进行吸烟者心理特质的调查。探讨人口学信息和心理特质得分与尼古丁依赖量表得分的相关关系;以尼古丁依赖程度为因变量,采用多重线性回归分析探讨影响尼古丁依赖程度的心理特质指标。结果　本调查共发放问卷407份,回收有效问卷309份,有效问卷回收率为75.9%。不同文化程度、平均月收入吸烟者尼古丁依赖程度比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。不同尼古丁依赖程度吸烟者拒烟自我效能问卷总分及积极/社会情景、消极/情绪情景、习惯/成瘾情景维度得分,Russell吸烟原因问卷中心理意向、手口活动、享乐、镇静、刺激、成瘾及自动因子得分比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。Spearman秩相关分析结果显示,文化程度（rs=-0.224）、拒烟自我效能问卷总分（rs=-0.398）及积极/社会情景维度（rs=-0.292）、消极/情绪情景维度（rs=-0.226）、习惯/成瘾情景维度（rs=-0.465）得分与尼古丁依赖程度呈负相关（P<0.05）,Russell吸烟原因问卷中的心理意向（rs=0.120）、手口活动（rs=0.240）、享乐（rs=0.354,P<0.05）、镇静（rs=0.239）、刺激（rs=0.227）、成瘾（rs=0.426）和自动（rs=0.298）因子得分与尼古丁依赖程度呈正相关（P<0.05）。多重线性回归分析结果显示,文化程度（t=-3.151）、习惯/成瘾情景维度得分（t=-5.401）、享乐因子得分（t=2.736）和成瘾因子得分（t=3.111）是吸烟者尼古丁依赖程度的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论　影响吸烟者尼古丁依赖程度的因素包括文化程度、习惯成瘾情境下的拒烟自我效能和吸烟原因中的享乐因素以及成瘾因素,应从社会心理层面与成瘾方面入手进行吸烟者的戒烟干预。     

Alcohol use disorders, nicotine dependence, and co-occurring mood and anxiety disorders in the United States and South Korea-a cross-national comparison

Background: The strong comorbidity between substance use disorders (SUDs) and mood and anxiety disorders has been well documented. In view of lack of research findings addressing the co‐occurrence of SUDs and mood and anxiety disorders, this study examined the pattern of comorbidity of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and nicotine dependence (ND) between 2 culturally diverse countries, the United States and South Korea. Methods: Using the nationally representative samples of the U.S. and Korean general populations, we directly compared rates and comorbidity patterns of AUDs, ND, and mood and anxiety disorders between the 2 countries. We further examined the rates and the comorbidity pattern among individuals with AUDs who sought treatment in the last 12 months. Twelve‐month prevalence rates were derived to estimate country differentials, and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated to measure the strength of comorbid associations while adjusting for all sociodemographic characteristics in multivariate logistic models specific to each country. Results: The 12‐month prevalence rates of AUDs, ND, and any mood disorder and any anxiety disorder were 9.7, 14.4, 9.5, and 11.9% among Americans, whereas the corresponding rates were 7.1, 6.6, 2.0, and 5.2% among Koreans. These rates were significantly greater (except for any AUD) among Americans than among their Korean counterparts. With respect to comorbidity, both countries showed comparable patterns that the prevalence rates of mood and anxiety disorders were consistently the highest among persons with alcohol dependence (AD). Also, a disparate pattern was observed in Korea that the prevalence rates of mood and anxiety disorders were generally lower among individuals with ND than among those with alcohol abuse and AD. Furthermore, despite significantly greater prevalence of AD in Korea (5.1%) than in the United States (4.4%), alcohol‐dependent Americans were 4 times (OR = 3.93) more likely to seek treatment compared to their Korean counterparts. Conclusions: Our results indicated that the prevalence of AD in Korea was substantially greater than that in both Western and other Asian countries, suggesting a maladaptive pattern of alcohol use in Korea, which is different from the general use pattern of other East Asian countries. The low rate of treatment utilization among Koreans might be attributable to perceived social stigma toward SUDs or mental health problems despite the fact that the Korean government offers national health insurance.     

尼古丁对口腔鳞状细胞癌细胞增殖及凋亡的影响

目的 研究尼古丁在口腔鳞状细胞癌细胞增殖和诱导凋亡中的作用,初步探讨尼古丁对口腔鳞状细胞癌发生的作用机制.方法 采用甲基噻唑基四唑法、膜联蛋白V-异硫氰酸荧光素及碘化丙啶双染法和2＇,7＇-二氯荧光黄双乙酸盐荧光探针法检测/不同浓度(0.1、1、10μmol/L)尼古丁作用相同时间(48 h)和相同浓度(1μmol/L)尼古丁作用不同时间(24、48、72 h),对口腔鳞状细胞癌SCC15细胞活力、细胞凋亡和细胞内活性氧含量的影响,以0μmol/L尼古丁为对照组;应用酶联免疫吸附测定、免疫荧光方法检测1 μmol/L尼古丁作用不同时间后口腔鳞状细胞癌SCC15细胞内核因子κB DNA结合活性及核因子κB表达变化.结果 不同浓度尼古丁处理SCC15细胞48 h,流式细胞术检测各组细胞内活性氧水平分别为(98.24±0.04)％、(98.50±0.06)％及(98.61±0.07)％,均较对照组[(96.01±0.58)％]显著增加(P=-0.000);同时各浓度尼古丁处理组细胞生长被促进,且呈浓度依赖性,0.1、1、10μmol/L尼占丁组细胞A值分别为2.19±0.08、2.20±0.11及2.38±0.08,均显著高于对照组(1.93 ±0.13)(P＜0.05).1μmol/L尼古丁处理组的SCC15细胞凋亡率显著高于对照组及0.1、10 μmol/L处理组(P-0.000).1μmol/L尼古丁作用于SCC15细胞72 h细胞生长被显著抑制,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P =0.022);1μmol/L尼古丁作用于SCC15细胞24 h后诱导SCC15细胞凋亡最显著且显著高于尼古丁作用48 h和72 h组(P=0.000),各组细胞核内代表DNA结合活性的A值分别为1.509、1 093、0.746,与对照组(A值为0.544)相比核因子κB DNA结合活性均有不同程度增高,提示核因子κB从胞质向胞核中转移,其中尼古丁作用24h活性最高.结论 尼古丁能促进口腔鳞状细胞癌SCC15细胞增殖并诱导少量细胞凋亡,可能是通过激活核转录因子核因子κB发挥作用.     

Tests for evaluating tobacco dependence

The primary reason why there is such a heavy burden of tobacco smoking induced illness and death is dependence on nicotine which makes it difficult for smokers to quit. For clinical or research purposes, the degree of dependence, the intensity of the withdrawal syndrome and/or craving have been evaluated by different scales. This review provides a list of questionnaires that are used in smoking cessation. It pays particular attention to the validated and translated resources that are available in French. Research should be conducted in order to provide French speaking smoking cessation specialists with all the relevant scales allowing better evaluation of tobacco dependence.     

Staurosporine对尼古丁诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞表达t-PA与PAI-1的影响

目的 通过观察不同浓度Staurosporine (STS)对尼古丁诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVECs)表达组织型纤溶酶原激活物(tissue type plasminogen activator,t-PA)与1型纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂(plasminogen activator inhibitor-1,PAI-1)mRNA及蛋白的影响,探讨尼古丁所致内皮细胞纤溶紊乱的机制.方法 将体外培养的3～6代HUVECs随机分为对照组、尼古丁组及不同浓度STS组,STS组分别以20、50、100μmol/L STS预处理细胞30 min,再与100 μmol/L尼古丁孵育24 h.酶联免疫吸附双抗体夹心法检测细胞上清液t-PA与PAI-1蛋白含量,RT-PCR检测PAI-1 mRNA表达.结果 尼古丁组PAI-1 mRNA与蛋白表达较对照组升高(P值均＜0.05);不同浓度STS组PAI-1 mRNA与蛋白表达较尼古丁组降低(P值均＜0.05),且呈浓度依赖性,以100 μmol/L STS组作用为著,但PAI-1 mRNA与蛋白表达仍高于对照组(P值均＜0.05).各组间t-PA蛋白差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).结论 STS通过阻断蛋白激酶C通路的信号传导可部分减弱尼古丁诱导的血管内皮细胞纤溶功能紊乱.     

Identification of primary polydipsia in a severe and persistent mental illness outpatient population: A prospective observational study

Studies to date have only investigated primary polydipsia in hospitalized psychiatric patient populations, where rates range from 3% to 25%. The objective of the present study was to determine the occurrence of primary polydipsia in a psychiatric outpatient population, and to determine the perceptions of outpatients with self-induced water intoxication regarding reasons for drinking excess fluids, health risks, and insight into their behavior. All 115 psychiatric outpatients from a Community Outreach Program in Kingston, Ontario, were invited to participate in this study. Of these, 89 (77.4%) were enrolled. Data collection included chart reviews, structured interviews, weight measurements, and urine collection. The incidence of primary polydipsia was found to be 15.7%. One-half of the polydipsic people presenting with medical complications suggestive for water intoxication had cigarette smoking as a strong correlate. There were interesting answers to the self-induced water intoxication questionnaire. These showed a lack of knowledge related to the normal quantity of fluids necessary daily and about healthy behaviors. Excessive drinking occurs in psychiatric patient populations outside of institutional/hospital settings. Patients have limited awareness of the severity and possible complications from their problem. Given the prevalence of polydipsia, more effort should be put into identifying and treating this problem.     

尼古丁对BV-2小胶质细胞α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体、小胶质细胞P2X4受体表达和脑源性神经营养因子释放的影响

目的观察尼古丁对BV-2小胶质α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体（α7nicotine acetyleholine receptor,α7nAChR）、小胶质细胞P2X4受体（P2X4receptor,P2X4R）表达和脑源性神经营养因子（brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF）释放的影响,以探讨小胶质细胞参与尼古丁所致痛觉过敏的可能分子机制。方法①BV-2小胶质细胞接种在含12mm圆形盖玻片无菌12孔板,待细胞处于对数生长期,完全随机分为2组：α7nAChR组和P2X4R组。免疫荧光标记检测α7nAChR和P2X4R在BV-2小胶质细胞上的表达。②当12孔板中BV-2细胞处于对数生长期,完全随机分为4组：尼古丁实验组（N组）,尼古丁终浓度为100μm／L;无血清培养基培养的空白对照组（C组）;尼古丁拮抗剂组（NM组）,10nmol／L甲基牛扁碱（methyllycaconitine,MLA）预孵育30min,改用含尼古丁的无血清培养基培养;单纯拮抗剂组（M组）,10nmol／LMLA预孵育30min,改用无血清培养基培养。培养72h后收集各组细胞。应用实时荧光定量PCR（real-timequantitativePCR,RT-qPCR）检测α7nAChRmRNA和P2X4RmRNA表达量的变化,Westernblot检测α7nAChR和P2X4R蛋白表达量的变化。③当12孔板中细胞处于对数生长期,完全随机分为4组：正常对照组（Control组）、尼古丁预处理＋DMEM组（Nicotine＋DMEM组）、尼古丁预处理＋激动剂组（Nieotine＋ATP组）,尼古丁预处理＋拮抗剂组（Nicotine＋5-BDBD组）。其中激动剂和拮抗剂由DMEM无血清培养基稀释,在尼古丁处理72h后加入,各组总体积保持一致,24h后ELISA检测培养液中BDNF释放量。结果①免疫荧光标记结果显示BV-2细胞存在α7nAChR和P2X4R的阳性表达。②RT-qPCR结果显示尼古丁可上调BV-2细胞α7nAChRmRNA和P2X4RmRNA的表达,α7nAChR特异性拮抗剂MLA可抑制α7nAChRmRNA和P2X4RmRNA表达的上调;Westernblot结果显示尼古丁处理可使BV-2细胞α7nAChR和P2X4R蛋白的表达上调,α7nAChR特异性拮抗剂MLA可抑制α7nAChR和P2X4R蛋白表达的上调。③ELISA检测培养液中BDNF含量结果显示：Nieofine＋ATP组较Nieofine＋DMEM组和Control组显著增多（P〈0．05）,Nicotine＋DMEM组较Control组增多（P〈0．05）;Nicotine＋5-BDBD组较Nicotine＋DMEM组和Control组显著减少（P〈0．05）.结论尼古丁可能通过α7nAChR上调小胶质细胞上P2X4R的表达进而通过BDNF的释放引起痛觉过敏的产生。     

Effects of desensitized nicotinic receptors on rotational behavior in a 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of desensitized nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on rotational behavior in the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of Parkinson's disease (PD). When rats were treated with different doses of nicotine, nAChRs were observed in activated, subacute desensitized, acute desensitized, and chronic desensitized states. The rotational behavior of the hemiparkinsonian rats was determined when nAChRs were in the activated or different desensitized states. The results showed that hemiparkinsonian rats exhibited no significant changes in apomorphine-induced rotation when brain nAChRs were in an activated state. However, hemiparkinsonian rats displayed a significant reduction in apomorphine-induced rotational behavior when brain nAChRs were in subacute, acute, or chronic desensitized states induced by repeated administration of nicotine. When nAChRs were blocked by the nAChR antagonist mecamylamine, the behavior of the hemiparkinsonian rats worsened. These results suggest that desensitized nAChRs can lead to behavioral improvement in the 6-OHDA rat model of PD.     

Systemic absorption of nicotine following acute secondhand exposure to electronic cigarette aerosol in a realistic social setting

Evidence suggests exposure of nicotine-containing e-cigarette aerosol to nonusers leads to systemic absorption of nicotine. However, no studies have examined acute secondhand exposures that occur in public settings. Here, we measured the serum, saliva and urine of nonusers pre- and post-exposure to nicotine via e-cigarette aerosol. Secondarily, we recorded factors affecting the exposure.Six nonusers of nicotine-containing products were exposed to secondhand aerosol from ad libitum e-cigarette use by three e-cigarette users for 2?h during two separate sessions (disposables, tank-style). Pre-exposure (baseline) and post-exposure peak levels (Cmax) of cotinine were measured in nonusers’ serum, saliva, and urine over a 6-hour follow-up, plus a saliva sample the following morning. We also measured solution consumption, nicotine concentration, and pH, along with use behavior.Baseline cotinine levels were higher than typical for the US population (median serum session one?=?0.089?ng/ml; session two?=?0.052?ng/ml). Systemic absorption of nicotine occurred in nonusers with baselines indicative of no/low tobacco exposure, but not in nonusers with elevated baselines. Median changes in cotinine for disposable exposure were 0.007?ng/ml serum, 0.033?ng/ml saliva, and 0.316?ng/mg creatinine in urine. For tank-style exposure they were 0.041?ng/ml serum, 0.060?ng/ml saliva, and 0.948?ng/mg creatinine in urine. Finally, we measured substantial differences in solution nicotine concentrations, pH, use behavior and consumption.Our data show that although exposures may vary considerably, nonusers can systemically absorb nicotine following acute exposure to secondhand e-cigarette aerosol. This can particularly affect sensitive subpopulations, such as children and women of reproductive age.