Photopatch testing: a consensus methodology for Europe

A group of interested European Contact Dermatologists/Photobiologists met to produce a consensus statement on methodology, test materials and interpretation of photopatch testing. While it is recognized that a range of local variables operate throughout Europe, the underlying purpose of the work is to act as an essential preamble to a Pan European Photopatch Test Study focusing particularly on sunscreen chemicals.     

化学品环境管理与水生实验动物

从分析化学品的特性入手，在概述化学品的环境管理对水生实验生物需求和国内外水生实验生物发展现状的基础上，从加强化学品环境管理的科学基础建设出发，对我国水生实验生物的研究与发展的标准化、产业化、必要的资质认可及信息交流提出建议。     

兔腹主动脉球囊成形术后狭窄过程中内皮素的动态变化及卡托普利的治疗作用

目的　观察内膜损伤后血管狭窄的主要病理变化和此过程中血浆内血管内皮素(endothelin ,ET)水平的动态变化及局部动脉组织内ET反应性 (ET immunoreaction ,ET IR) ,探讨卡托普利 (Captopril)对动脉球囊损伤后狭窄的影响。方法　大耳白兔 4 8只 ,依术后处死时间不同 (6h和 1、3、7、15、2 2d)按随机表法随机分为 6组 ,每组 8只 ,其中 3只为内膜损伤 (手术组 )、3只为损伤 卡托普利治疗 (治疗组 ) ,2只为对照组。术前及术后均采静脉血 ,手术组及治疗组置入微球囊导管于腹主动脉内制备内膜损伤模型。治疗组术前 1d给予卡托普利 2mg·kg-1·d-1直至处死当日。放射免疫法检测术前、术后血浆内ET水平 ,处死后取模型动脉血管 ,观察血管内膜厚度及管腔病理变化 ,免疫组织化学法检测动脉组织内ET反应。结果　手术组各时间段血浆ET水平 [平均值 (139 17± 16 86 )ng/L) ]和治疗组各时间段血浆ET水平 [平均值 (12 2 16± 13 5 6 )ng/L]均较术前 [平均值 (111 2 4±11 39)ng/L]升高 (P <0 0 1和P <0 0 5 ) ,手术组术后各时间段血浆ET水平比治疗组及对照组有明显升高 (P值均 <0 0 1) ,而治疗组与对照组术后血浆ET水平无显著性差异 ;手术组动脉内膜有不同程度增厚 ,主要以血管平滑肌细胞 (vascularsmoothmusclec     

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), extraesophageal reflux (EER) and recurrent chronic rhinosinusitis

Chronic polypoid rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common disease, affecting approximately 16% of the adult population in the US every year. In addition to many well known predisposing factors, an association with reflux disease is hypothesized. Such an association might explain the recurrence of polyposis in the face of improved surgical techniques and postsurgical treatment of CRS. At present it is unclear whether extraesophageal reflux directly injures the sinus mucosa, whether gastroesophageal reflux leads to vagus-mediated neuroinflammatory changes, or whether both mechanisms occur separately or simultaneously. In patients suffering from recurrent CRS (n=20) and healthy volunteers (n=20), ambulatory 24 h two channel pH testing was performed. The number of reflux events, the fraction of the total time during which pH was below 4, and the reflux area index (RAI) were determined in the esophagus as well as in the hypopharynx. Patients with recurrent CRS had significantly more reflux events in the esophagus and the fraction of pH<4 and the RAI were increased up to 10-fold compared to healthy volunteers. In contrast to the esophagus, these differences were not observed in the hypopharynx. Recurrent CRS is often associated with GERD but not with EER. Recurrent disease or prolonged recovery after surgery should raise the suspicion of reflux disease as a possible triggering factor. Because GERD itself cannot be diagnosed by laryngoscopy, and because of the subjectivity of symptoms such as heartburn, the otolaryngologist should consider double-probe pH testing as the diagnostic procedure of choice.     

Effects of simplifying choice tasks on estimates of taste heterogeneity in stated-choice surveys

Researchers usually employ orthogonal arrays or D-optimal designs with little or no attribute overlap in stated-choice surveys. The challenge is to balance statistical efficiency and respondent burden to minimize the overall error in the survey responses. This study examined whether simplifying the choice task, by using a design with more overlap, provides advantages over standard minimum-overlap methods. We administered two designs for eliciting HIV test preferences to split samples. Surveys were undertaken at four HIV testing locations in San Francisco, California. Personal characteristics had different effects on willingness to pay for the two treatments, and gains in statistical efficiency in the minimal-overlap version more than compensated for possible imprecision from increased measurement error.     

An inexpensive ex-vivo porcine laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication training model.

BACKGROUND: We recently implemented the use of an ex-vivo porcine model to teach residents the fundamentals of performing a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. METHODS: Residents were trained using intact porcine esophagus, stomach, and spleen placed in a standard video-trainer. They were later asked to complete a survey containing a course evaluation. RESULTS: Sixteen residents (R1-R4) completed the survey. They agreed that (1) the exercise was a valuable use of their limited time, (2) repeating the exercise will be of additional benefit, (3) it will improve their ability to perform or assist in an actual case in the OR, and (4) the surgical principles learned using the model will transfer to other laparoscopic cases. Significant subjective improvements were reported in resident comfort level in assisting in or performing a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. CONCLUSIONS: The use of an inexpensive ex-vivo porcine training model increases resident comfort level in performing a Nissen fundoplication in the operating room.     

通过三年资料实证医院检验科常规项目全成本

目的弄清医院常规检验项目的实际成本,为医院及卫生主管部门进行科学管理和政府物价部门制订科学合理的收费价格体系提供科学依据。方法对某二级甲等医院检验科3年中所开展的全部7大类16个项目组169个检验项目的成本按耗材、设备折旧、劳务费、房屋折旧、业务费与后勤管理费共5大类进行实证分析。结果该科的成本构成比是:耗材成本34.1%、设备折旧24.3%、劳务费30.0%、房屋折旧4.0%、业务费与后勤管理费7.6%;检验项目的每项次平均成本为7.17元;成本最低的两类检验项目是生化及定性免疫,其项次成本分别为3.18元和4.25元;最高的则为微生物和血库,项次成本分别为48.63元和35.21元;项次成本过百元的有7项,多为输血项目;5至10倍于平均成本的28项,2至5倍于全科平均成本的22项,其余112项介于全科平均成本上下。结论实证研究是准确掌握检验项目成本的有效方法。     

慢性应激对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞的效应及与焦虑行为的关系

目的探讨慢性精神应激对血管平滑肌细胞的影响及与焦虑行为的关系。方法将38只SD大鼠按照随机数字表随机分为精神应激组(30只)和对照组(8只)。对应激组采用限制应激和饮水冲突应激,持续2个月;分别于应激前、应激后1,2个月用空场实验和高架十字迷宫实验观察大鼠焦虑水平,计算出中央格爬行次数、外周格爬行次数、开放臂进入次数及停留时间、闭合臂进入次数及停留时间。以免疫组化方法测定主动脉血管局部增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)表达,并用苏木素-伊红染色法观察主动脉结构变化。结果(1)与对照组比较,应激1个月后,应激组大鼠在开放臂的次数和时间、闭合臂的次数少(P<0·05),闭合臂的时间多(均P<0·01);应激2个月后,应激组大鼠在外周格爬行的个数和闭合臂时间多(P<0·01),开放臂时间少(P<0·01)。(2)应激组大鼠主动脉失去原有的正常结构,中层血管平滑肌细胞排列紊乱,数目增多。(3)应激组大鼠血管壁PCNA表达的阳性细胞数为(16485±10694)个/MM2,对照组大鼠为(4012±2256)个/MM2,T=4·359,P<0·01。(4)中度焦虑组大鼠PCNA表达与大鼠焦虑呈正相关(PEARSON相关系数为0·718,P=0·004)。结论大鼠中度焦虑时,其血管平滑肌细胞增殖率与焦虑情绪呈正相关。     

改良小儿胸腔镜心脏手术股动静脉插管材料的血液相容性及毒理学研究

目的 通过对改良小儿胸腔镜心脏手术股动静脉插管材料进行血液相容性及毒理学研究,评价其临床应用的可行性.方法 分别进行溶血实验、皮内刺激实验及小鼠全身急性毒性实验,通过测定吸光度值计算溶血率,按照标准制备的材料浸提液注射到兔的皮下和小鼠体内,观察72h兔皮肤病理变化及小鼠的全身反应.结果 改良小儿胸腔镜心脏手术股动静脉插管材料溶血率为1.58%,低于国际标准(5%);实验组兔皮肤无红斑、水肿及坏死;实验组小鼠无死亡、体重下降及明显全身异常反应.结论 所用材料符合医用材料的要求,可用于临床.