Minority ethnic patients in the Danish healthcare system – a qualitative study of nurses' experiences when meeting minority ethnic patients

The aim of the study is to investigate nurses' experiences in caring with patients with an minority ethnic background. Qualitative interviews were conducted with four nurses in a hospital and combined with observations. The interviews and observations were analysed according to phenomenological methodology. The study showed three phenomena experienced by the nurses: 'problems in communication', 'patients' level of pain' and 'the patients' food'. The results indicate that nurses need resources, such as more support in dealing with patients with a minority ethnical background to give caring. The study reveals unique information on how the nurses have different attitudes within the same phenomena. The results can assist in identifying what happened in the nurses' interactions with patients with a minority ethnic background.     

From diagnosis to health: a cross‐cultural interview study with immigrants from Somalia

Scand J Caring Sci; 2010; 24; 357–365
From diagnosis to health: a cross‐cultural interview study with immigrants from Somalia Objective: Being diagnosed as having a chronic disease gives rise to emotions. Beliefs about health are culturally constructed and affect people’s decisions regarding treatment. No studies have been reported that focus on the health beliefs of immigrants of Somalian origin with diabetes and how these people experiences the diagnosis. Therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate how immigrants from Somalia living in Sweden experienced receiving the diagnosis and describe their beliefs about health. Method: The sample consisted of 19 adults with diabetes born in Somalia and now living in Sweden who were interviewed with the aid of an interpreter. The interviews were subjected to qualitative content analysis. Results: From the analysis of what the participants said about their experiences of the diagnosis there emerged three themes: ‘Existential brooding’, ‘Avoiding the diagnosis’ and ‘Accepting what is fated’. Three themes also emerged from the analysis of what they said about beliefs about health: ‘Health as absence of disease’, ‘Health as general well‐being’ and ‘Fated by a higher power’. A major finding was that women when they communicated their experiences regarding the diagnosis and health beliefs made more use of supernatural beliefs than men did. The participants, irrespective of gender, did not immediately respond with shock or other strong emotion when they received the diagnosis. Conclusions: The study provides health‐care staff with knowledge concerning a minority group’s experiences of being diagnosed as having diabetes and their beliefs about health. The findings indicate that men and women differ in how they experiences the diagnosis and how they described their health beliefs. The quality improvement of health education and nursing for patients with diabetes calls for consideration of the variation of beliefs related to cultural background and gender.     

Differences in the measured alcohol content of drinks between black, white and Hispanic men and women in a US national sample

Aims   To measure and describe drink alcohol content differences between Hispanic, non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black men and women in the United States.
Design   A telephone survey re-interview of 397 respondents who participated originally in the 2005 National Alcohol Survey, of whom 306 provided complete information on home drinks.
Setting   United States.
Participants   Adults aged 18 years and older from across the United States.
Measurements   Direct measurement by respondents of simulated drink pours in respondents' own glassware using a provided beaker and reported beverage brands were used to calculate drink alcohol content.
Findings   Black men were found to have the largest overall mean drink alcohol content at 0.79 oz (23 ml) of alcohol. This was significantly larger than the mean for white men or for black women and added 30% to black men's monthly alcohol intake when applied to their reported number of drinks. Spirits drinks were found to be particularly large for men. Multivariate models indicated that drink alcohol content differences are attributable more to income and family structure differences than to unmeasured cultural factors tied to race or ethnicity per se . Models predicting alcohol-related consequences and dependence indicate that adjusting drink alcohol content improves model fit and reduces differences between race/ethnicity defined groups.
Conclusions   Differences in drink alcohol content by gender, race/ethnicity and beverage type choice should be considered in comparisons of drinking patterns and alcohol-related outcomes. Observed differences can be explained partially by measured characteristics regarding family structure and income.     

壮族高血压患者血脂水平的流行病学研究

目的探讨壮族高血压患者血胆固醇（CHO）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）等四项指标的变化及其与高血压的关系。方法对包括351名高血压患者在内的2843例壮族城镇居民的血脂四项指标进行测定。用SPSS软件对其结果进行分析。结果壮族人高血压患病率12．3％，无性别差异，患病率随年龄增长而升高（P〈0．01），高血压患者与非高血压组比较其CHO、TG、LDL-C高，HDL-C低（P〈0．01）；不论性别、年龄，高CHO、高TG、低HDL-C和高LDL—C者患高血压率均显著增高（P〈0．01）。结论壮族人高血压患病率与全国其他地区报道持平，高血压与血脂水平有关，与年龄也有关，高血压患者CH0、TG、LDL-C高，HDL—C低；血脂紊乱者患高血压率高。     

瑞舒伐他汀钙片中国人体的药动学

目的:研究瑞舒伐他汀在中国健康志愿者体内的药动学特征。方法:健康男性受试者24名,随机分为3个剂量组:瑞舒伐他汀5,10和20mg组,每组8名,分别口服对应剂量的瑞舒伐他汀钙片。以高效液相-质谱/质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法测定血药浓度。结果:受试者单剂量空腹口服瑞舒伐他汀5,10,20mg后,达峰浓度Cmax分别为(6.5±1.5)μg、(12.6±4.4)μg和(39.7±24.8)μg.L-1,AUC0-t分别为(58.5±12.9)μg.h.L-1,(123.5±36.5)μg.h.L-1,(268.1±161.1)μg.h.L-1,达峰时间分别为(3.8±1.9)h,(3.5±1.3)h,(2.9±1.0)h,半衰期t1/2分别为(14.5±4.2)h、(12.3±1.9)h、(10.3±1.9)h;受试者多次口服瑞舒伐他汀5,10和20mg达稳态后,稳态达峰浓度Cmax分别为(6.1±1.4)μg.L-1、16.1±6.0μg.L-1(35.8±19.8)μg.L-1、AUCss分别为(71.4±6.2)μg.h.L-1、(168.6±50.4)μg.h.L-1和(359.4±128.2)μg.h.L-1,稳态达峰时间tmax分别为(3.6±0.7)h、(3.9±1.1)h、(3.0±0.9)h,稳态半衰期t1/2分别为(15.6±3.1)h、(12.8±2.4)h、(11.2±1.4)h。结论:在本研究剂量范围内,瑞舒伐他汀呈线性动力学特征而无饱和性,中国人与白种人的药动学特征存在明显的种族差异。     

关于加快彝医药发展的思考

介绍了彝族医药从最初的原始阶段到现如今被逐步发掘研究的发展历程,肯定了彝药价值的巨大潜力和开发天然药物资源的重要性,同时也指出了目前认识和开发彝药资源的局限性。针对彝药开发中的实际情况提出了几点建议,以期促进彝族医药的快速发展。     

新药临床试验中的桥接试验

目的：介绍新药临床试验中桥接试验的概念和实施策略。方法：本文介绍了ICH E5中提出的桥接试验的概念和亚洲桥接试验的现况，结合实例介绍了桥接策略的具体实施。结果：随着ICH E5的发布以及桥接试验在一些国家和地区的成功实施，桥接试验已经成为新药注册申请的一个重要形式。结论：桥接试验对于外推国外的临床试验数据，判断药品种族差异，减少重复试验。缩短新药审批时间将有重要的意义。     

汉族和维吾尔族居民血尿酸及高尿酸血症分析

目的 了解新疆乌鲁木齐市汉族和维吾尔族健康体检人群高尿酸血症发病水平. 方法采用现况研究方法,调查乌鲁木齐市20～80岁汉族和维吾尔族健康体检者5 560名,采用尿酸酶法检测血尿酸水平,比较不同人群高尿酸血症检出率.结果 汉族人群血尿酸值平均为(344.23±103.22)μmol/L,其中男性、女性分别为(393.08±86.97),(259.83±68.89)μmol/L;维吾尔族人群平均为(310.23±106.85)μmol/L,其中男性、女性分别为(364.09±99.52),(246.42±75.44)μmol/L.汉族高于维族,男性高于女性,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).高尿酸血症检出率汉族人群27.3%(男性37.7%,女性9.5%),维吾尔族人群为17.58%(男性27.4%,女性5.7%).汉族男女性平均患病年龄分别为38.26和42.94岁,维吾尔族男女性平均患病年龄分别为46.42和51.83岁.结论 乌鲁木齐市汉族人群血尿酸值和高尿酸血症患病检出率均高于维吾尔族,也高于国内其他地区调查结果;汉族男女的发病年龄均低于维吾尔族.     

仫佬族儿童少年体型发育的研究

目的探讨仫佬族儿童的体型发育规律。方法应用Heath-Carter人体测量法对广西罗城县四所小学在校生636例(男317例,女319例)7~12岁的仫佬族儿童进行体型评定。结果7~12岁男性和7~10岁女性少年随着年龄的增长,中因子值逐步下降,外因子值明显上升,内因子值无明显变化;各年龄组体型均值均为中因子值>外因子值>内因子值,其中7~9岁男女各组均为偏外胚层的中胚层体型,10~12岁男女各组为中胚层—外胚层均衡体型;各年龄组男女间体型除9岁~组和11岁~组差异无显著性(P>0.05)外,其余组间差异有显著性(P<0.05或0.01);男生体型分布较集中,女生体型分布较分散。结论与苗族比较,仫佬族儿童少年身材瘦高,皮下脂肪少。     

内蒙古鄂温克族人群HLA-DRB1基因多态性与族源分析

目的：对内蒙古鄂温克族人群人类白细胞抗原（human leukocyte antigen,HLA）Ⅱ类基因DRB1位点进行基因型检测.方法：采用DNA序列测定的分型技术（sequencing based typing,SBT）,对94名鄂温克族个体进行分析.结果：DRB1等位基因中,共检出25种等位基因,内蒙古鄂温克族以DRB^1＊090102 （16.0%）的频率最高,其次为DRB1^＊030101 （13.3%）、 DRB1^＊040101（10.1%）、DRB1^＊070101 （7.4%）、DRB1^＊120101/1206（7.4%）;系统树上鄂温克族与同样是北方人群的北方汉族、沈阳汉族和蒙古族聚在一起.结论：鄂温克族人群中HLA-DRB1分布特征有其独特性,鄂温克族基因频率和系统树显示鄂温克族属于中国北方人群.