海南省吸毒人群HIV感染状况调查

目的摸清海南省吸毒人群艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染的相关行为的信息，为针对这组人群开展艾滋病干预措施提供依据。方法采用筛查的方法，在规定的时间内，对全省强制戒毒所的4243名戒毒人员进行HIV检测和问卷调查。结果在4243名戒毒者中，检出35名HIV抗体阳性者，平均检出率为0．82％。35名阳性者分布在东方（6．45％）、乐东（4．29％）、儋州（3．03％）、三亚（2．30％）等6个市县；有注射毒品行为者占50．3％～82．9％。感染的主要原因是通过共用针具静脉注射毒品引起，共用针具率14．2％～24．9％。结论海南省吸毒人员HIV总体上虽处于低流行水平，但是在东方、乐东、儋州、三亚等市县存在着局部流行现象，与艾滋病相关的危险行为依然存在，必须引起相关部门的关注。     

中国农村地区AIDS临床发病特点及应对策略

目的　提高对农村地区艾滋病 (AIDS)临床发病特点的认识。方法　对农村地区 10多个村庄的有偿供血员中近 10 0 0名艾滋病病毒 (HIV)感染者 /AIDS患者的临床特点进行实地调查分析。结果　 (1)临床特点呈现高发病率、高丙型肝炎 (丙肝 )病毒 (HCV)感染率和高母婴传播率 ,低乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )病毒 (HBV)感染率 (三高一低 ) ;临床表现为发热、腹泻、口腔霉菌感染 (口腔溃疡 )、皮疹四大主症。 (2 )同一时间对 5 0 0例患者进行免疫功能调查显示 :CD+ 4 >5 0 0 / μl 90例 (18% ) ,CD+ 4 2 0 0～ 5 0 0 / μl 2 89例 (5 7 8% ) ,CD+ 4 <2 0 0 / μl 12 1例 (2 4 2 % )。 结论　中国农村地区HIV/AIDS目前正处于发病高峰时期 ,发病速度为 2 4 2 % ;三高一低 ,四大主症是农村地区AIDS患者的主要临床特点 ;尽快为农村地区的AIDS患者提供医疗支持是当前最为紧迫的任务 ;积极、稳妥、持续、科学的医疗支持策略将是农村地区AIDS临床工作顺利开展的可靠保障。     

非职业针刺伤及意外伤害HIV暴露后预防现状及干预研究

目的为了解艾滋病病毒（HIV）非职业针刺及意外伤害暴露及暴露后预防的现状,以及暴露后预防的影响因素,探讨HIV非职业针刺伤及意外伤害暴露后预防的必要性和可行性.方法对北京地坛医院2001年1月至2002年12月收治的2 637例HIV非职业暴露者,实施或未实施暴露后预防（PEP）的结果进行了统计分析.结果全部非职业暴露者均提出了实施PEP的要求,但根据危险性评估,两年里共对52人实施了PEP.其中仅19人（36.54%）完成了28天的疗程,33例（63.46%）因副作用等而中止治疗.心理干预可以降低PEP的实施率.对实施或未实施PEP的1 486非职业暴露者于暴露后1个月,948例于暴露后3个月,689例于暴露后6个月,检测HIV抗体,均未发现阳性者.影响非职业暴露PEP完成的因素是：暴露源情况不明,HIV感染的危险性低及抗逆转录病毒治疗的副作用.结论HIV非职业意外伤害暴露感染的危险性极低.提示PEP对于那些暴露源HIV情况不明,HIV感染的危险性小,而又有明显的副作用时应该受到限制.     

Outcome of HIV-infected patients with invasive squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy

PURPOSE: Before the development of highly active antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of HIV infection, HIV patients diagnosed with invasive squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal carried a very poor prognosis. This study was designed to determine the outcome in a similar group of patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.METHODS: HIV-positive patients treated for invasive squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal at the University of Texas Medical Center affiliated hospitals from 1980 to 2001 were identified from operative data and cancer registries. We reviewed these records and collected data regarding age, CD4 count, highly active antiretroviral therapy, cancer treatment, complications, and survival. The patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of highly active antiretroviral therapy and compared using a Kaplan-Meier approach.RESULTS: Fourteen patients with HIV and invasive squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal were identified. Six were in the prehighly active antiretroviral therapy group and eight in the highly active antiretroviral therapy group. All were considered for treatment with chemotherapy and radiation. In the prehighly active antiretroviral therapy group, one patient refused therapy and three were unable to complete the squamous-cell carcinoma therapy as planned because of complications. Four of eight highly active antiretroviral therapy patients were unable to complete the squamous-cell carcinoma therapy as planned. The prehighly active antiretroviral therapy patients had a mean age of 40 years and a mean CD4 count of 190 at the time of diagnosis. The highly active antiretroviral therapy patients had a mean age of 44 years and a mean CD4 count of 255 at the time of diagnosis. The 24-month survival was 17 percent in the prehighly active antiretroviral therapy group and 67 percent in the highly active antiretroviral therapy group (P = 0.0524). All six patients in the prehighly active antiretroviral therapy group died with active squamous-cell carcinoma vs. two in the highly active antiretroviral therapy group. Four of the remaining six patients had no evidence of active squamous-cell carcinoma at the last follow-up visit.CONCLUSIONS: A review of patients with HIV and invasive squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal suggests a trend toward a higher CD4 count at the time of diagnosis and improved survival in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. In this new era, HIV-positive patients should be on highly active antiretroviral therapy. If not, highly active antiretroviral therapy should be initiated, and standard multimodality therapies for invasive squamous-cell carcinoma of the anal canal are recommended.Read at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, New Orleans, Louisiana, June 21 to 26, 2003.     

在娱乐场所服务小姐中开展艾滋病预防干预试点研究

目的 了解娱乐场所服务小姐中艾滋病的有关知识、态度和行为,探索在该人群中开展预防艾滋病宣传教育的措施和评价方法。方法 采用快速评估,现场访谈和咨询、免费发放艾滋病预防宣传折页、安全套和同伴教育等方法进行干预,运用问卷调查和定性访谈方法评价干预效果。结果 基线调查124名服务小姐,干预后调查135名,干预后性病和艾滋病预防知识知晓率等均有显著性提高,但态度及行为干预前后无显著性差异。85.0％的人愿意使用安全套,但实际只有42.1％的人每次都使用安全套。结论 干预活动中不仅要提供性病艾滋病的防治知识,还要提供改变高危行为的技能。定性访谈资料可信性较高,可做为定量资料的补充和评价,但如何把定量与定性资料有机的结合起来还有待进一步探讨。     

重庆市艾滋病分子流行病学调查

目的 对重庆市艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病病人(HIV/AIDS)进行分子流行病学调查,为重庆市乃至全国的艾滋病预防控制工作提供有价值的资料。方法 传统流行病学与分子流行病学方法相结合,对重庆市HIV/AIDS的疫情特征进行分析,对重庆市HIV毒株作基因序列分析,总结其传播途径与亚型之间的关系,分析不同亚型在重庆市流行的时间及变异程度,并提出预防控制工作重点。结果 目前重庆市HIV感染率达11.7/10万,女性感染者比例高于全国平均水平;重庆市流行毒株有B’、C、E、G4种亚型,C亚型占优势,G亚型为全国首次发现。结论 重庆市艾滋病流行形势严峻,迫切需要深入开展研究,并在高危人群中开展行为干预措施。     

Pleural tuberculosis in Harare, Zimbabwe: the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus, CD4 lymphocyte count, granuloma formation and disseminated disease

objective   To elucidate the relationship between HIV, CD4¹ count and pleural TB. method   In a prospective study, 94 patients presenting at two large Harare hospitals with clinically suspected pleural TB were enrolled over a 10-month period. All underwent standardized evaluation, closed pleural aspiration and biopsy. Patients receiving directly observed anti-TB therapy were followed-up. results   Pleural TB was diagnosed in 90 individuals (median age 33 years; range 18-65; 64 males); the seroprevalence of HIV was 85%. HIV-positive patients were older than HIV-negative individuals (median age 33 vs 23 years, P = 0.013) and had a significantly lower median CD4¹ count (191 vs 1106 × 10⁶/l respectively, P = 0.004). A CD4¹ count of <200 × 10⁶/l was associated with a length of illness >30 days (65% vs 37%; P = 0.05), a positive pleural fluid smear (37% vs 0%; P = 0.0006) and a positive pleural biopsy Ziehl-Neelsen stain (35% vs 7%; P = 0.021). However, a relationship between CD4¹ count and either pleural granuloma formation or radiological evidence of disseminated disease was not observed. conclusion   In sub-Saharan Africa, TB pleural effusions have become associated with older age, a chronic onset, and an increased mycobacterial load. These data emphasize the complex relationship between pleural TB, HIV infection and a low CD4¹ count.     

Suicidality among nonadherent patients living with HIV in Buenos Aires,Argentina: prevalence and correlates

Of those in the general population hospitalized for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in Argentina, many reattempt suicide and are readmitted. However, few studies in Argentina have examined suicidal ideation and suicide-related behaviors among people living with HIV (PLHIV) and none have examined these factors among nonadherent PLHIV, though the prevalence of suicidal ideation in this group may be higher than in the general population and also than in other groups of PLHIV. This study of PLHIV in Buenos Aires, Argentina, examined the correlates of suicidal ideation in nonadherent PLHIV. Nonadherent patients with HIV (N?=?118) were recruited from two clinics providing outpatient healthcare services to PLHIV in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Participants completed assessments on demographic characteristics, depression and suicidality, stigma, and self-efficacy. Participants were HIV-infected men (51%) and women (49%) with a median age of 40 years (IQR?=?11). About half had completed high school or more, two-thirds were employed, and had a mean monthly income of 4196.79 (SD?=?3179.64) Argentine pesos (USD$221). Thirty-three (28% [95% CI 20.3, 37.3]) participants reported suicidal ideation in the past two weeks, and one-third (35.6% [27.1, 44.9]) reported lifetime suicidal ideation. In bivariate analyses, attending a public clinic, being female, younger, unemployed, and experiencing greater stigma and depression were associated with suicidal ideation. In multivariable logistic regression, stigma interacted with the number of years since HIV diagnosis to predict suicidal ideation. The impact of stigma on suicidal ideation decreased with time since HIV diagnosis, suggesting that suicidal ideation may arise following HIV diagnosis due to perception of HIV-related stigma. Interventions to reduce perceived stigma during the period following HIV diagnosis may reduce suicidal ideation in this population. Organizational initiatives that explore HIV stigma microagressions in the healthcare setting may be needed to optimize health outcomes.     

The alcohol-related problems survey: identifying hazardous and harmful drinking in older primary care patients

OBJECTIVES: Older adults can incur problems at low levels of alcohol consumption because of age-related physiological changes, declining health and functional status, and medication use. We have developed and tested a screening measure specifically for older people, the Alcohol-Related Problems Survey (ARPS), to identify older adults with these risks. DESIGN: Survey. SETTING: Academic and community primary care clinics. PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred forty-nine current drinkers aged 65 and older, mostly white with high school or more education. MEASURES: Alcohol use was classified as harmful, hazardous, or nonhazardous depending upon consumption alone or combined with selected comorbidities and medication use. Harmful drinking (including alcohol abuse or dependence) means the presence of problems (e.g., hypertension, adverse drug events, legal problems) due to drinking. Hazardous drinking means risks for problems are likely. Nonhazardous drinking poses no known risks for problems. RESULTS: Eleven percent of subjects were harmful drinkers and 35% were hazardous drinkers. Harmful drinking was more common in men than women and in persons younger than 75 than those aged 75 and older. Similar proportions of men and women and younger and older age groups were hazardous drinkers. Most harmful drinkers were identified by their use of alcohol with their comorbidity, whereas most hazardous drinkers were identified by their use of alcohol with medications. Test-retest reliability was substantial (kappa = 0.65). CONCLUSION: Physicians are urged to screen for alcohol-related problems in older persons. The ARPS reliably identifies harmful, hazardous, and nonhazardous drinking in older adults resulting most often from the interaction between alcohol and disease and medication use.     

Moxifloxacin for the treatment of HIV-associated tuberculosis in patients with contraindications or intolerance to rifamycins

Administration of rifampicin or rifabutin in the treatment of HIV-associated tuberculosis (TB) is made rather complex by the risk of drug–drug interactions with most antiretrovirals and/or for reasons of toxicity. While in selecting the appropriate concomitant regimens the priority usually goes to rifamycins with exclusion of interacting antiretrovirals, in some circumstances the former cannot be used and anti-TB rifamycin-free regimens must be administered. We describe here the clinical course of two patients with HIV-associated TB in whom the last generation fluorquinolone moxifloxacin (found to exert significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis) successfully replaced rifamycins.