Gender differences in masticatory movement path and rhythm in dentate adults

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to clarify whether there might be a gender difference in masticatory movement path and rhythm in dentate adults.MethodsThirty healthy males and 30 healthy females were asked to chew softened chewing gum on their habitual chewing side for 20 sec, and the movement of the mandibular incisal point was recorded using mandibular kinesiograph. For 10 cycles from the fifth cycle, the spatial and temporal parameters (spatial: amounts of vertical and lateral movements; temporal: opening, closing, occluding, and cycle times) of masticatory movement path and rhythm and the parameters representing the stability of masticatory movement path and rhythm were calculated and compared between males and females.ResultsThe values of the spatial parameters were significantly greater for males than for females. The values of the temporal parameters were smaller for males than for females, and significant differences were found in all parameters except occluding time. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the parameters representing the stability of masticatory movement path and rhythm.ConclusionFrom these results it was suggested that although there were no differences in the stability of masticatory movement path and rhythm between genders, there were gender differences in the spatial and temporal parameters of masticatory movement path and rhythm.     

医疗不良事件中第二受害者复苏路径的研究现状

本文针对国外第二受害者复苏路径的5种理论模型进行了详细的分析与总结,以期为我国在患者安全文化背景下发展与构建第二受害者复苏理论模型提供参考,提高相关学者对第二受害者复苏一般规律的整体认识,为后续开展有针对性的干预研究和实践提供理论框架。     

Mammillothalamic tract lesions disrupt dead reckoning in the rat

Debate surrounds the role of the limbic system structures’ contribution to spatial orientation. The results from previous studies have supported a role for the mammillary bodies and their projections to the anterior thalamus in rapid encoding of relationships among environmental cues; however, this work is based on behavioral tasks in which environmental and self‐movement cues could not be dissociated. The present study examines the effects of mammillothalamic tract lesions on spatial orientation in the food hoarding paradigm and the water maze. Although the food hoarding paradigm dissociates the use of environmental and self‐movement cues, both sources of information are available to guide performance in the water maze. Mammillothalamic tract lesions selectively impaired performance on both tasks. These impairments are interpreted as providing further evidence for the role of limbic system structures in processing self‐movement cues.     

Neuronal plasticity: historical roots and evolution of meaning

In this paper, we outline some important milestones in the history of the term “plasticity” in reference to the nervous system. Credit is given to William James for first adopting the term to denote changes in nervous paths associated with the establishment of habits; to Eugenio Tanzi for first identifying the articulations between neurons, not yet called synapses, as possible sites of neural plasticity; to Ernesto Lugaro for first linking neural plasticity with synaptic plasticity; and to Cajal for complementing Tanzi’s hypothesis with his own hypothesis of plasticity as the result of the formation of new connections between cortical neurons. Cajal’s early use of the word plasticity is demonstrated, and his subsequent avoidance of the term is tentatively accounted for by the fact that other authors extended it to mean neuronal reactions partly pathological and no doubt quite different from those putatively associated with normal learning. Evidence is furnished that in the first two decades of the twentieth century the theory was generally accepted that learning is based on a reduced resistance at exercized synapses, and that neural processes become associated by coactivation. Subsequently the theory fell in disgrace when Lashley’s ideas about mass action and functional equipotentiality of the cortex tended to outmode models of the brain based on orthodox neural circuitry. The synaptic plasticity theory of learning was rehabilitated in the late 1940s when Konorski and particularly Hebb argued successfully that there was no better alternative way to think about the modifiability of the brain by experience and practice. Hebb’s influential hypothesis about the mechanism of adult learning contained elements strikingly similar to the early speculations of James, Tanzi and Cajal, but Hebb did not acknowledge specifically these roots of his thinking about the brain, though he was fully aware that he had resurrected old ideas wrongly neglected for a long time. Lately the concept of neural plasticity has been complicated by attributing considerably different meanings to it. A scholarly paper by Paillard is used to show how an analysis in depth can clarify some confusion engendered by an unrestricted use of the concept and term of neural plasticity.     

泪道高频电灼浚通术后两种药物充注效果的临床观察

目的探讨泪道高频电灼浚通术后两种不同药物充注的效果。方法237例（258只眼）泪道阻塞随机分成两组，A组120例（120只眼）和B组117例（128只眼）。分别应用典必舒眼膏充注和透明质酸钠充注。术后观察1周、1个月、3个月、6个月、1年。结果术后典必舒眼膏充注组治愈109只眼，有效12只眼，共121只眼（93．79％），无效8只眼（6．21％）。透明质酸钠充注组治愈49只眼，有效48只眼，共97只眼（75．78％），无效31只眼（24．22％）。两组间差异有显著意义（P〈0．01）。结论典必舒眼膏充注组疗效明显优于透明质酸钠充注组。     

大型医院人才建设路径的探索和实践

就大型医院人才建设的内涵、重要性进行了探讨、分析，结合实际就其建设路径进行了阐述，并提出了要把握的几个方面问题。     

荆芥品种选育产量性状选择方法研究

目的为荆芥品种选育中产量性状选择提供依据。方法采用自交纯化的荆芥品系进行单株性状相关、多元回归和通径分析。结果荆芥性状在品系间达显著或极显著差异水平;单株穗重和单株草重的主要影响因素包括顶穗粗、顶穗长和单株穗数等;通径分析表明顶穗长、顶穗轮数和顶穗粗对单株穗重和单株草重有较大的直接效应;有无复穗品系的顶穗性状达极显著差异水平,但产量性状差异不显著。结论通过选择顶穗性状可以有效简化荆芥育种程序,加快育种进程;选育出的有无复穗性状可作为新品系的鉴定根据,但不能作为产量性状的间接选择依据。     

Mental health: market power and governance

This paper is concerned with the pricing behaviour of providers of residential care for people with mental health problems. Two aspects of pricing were considered. First, are there differences between providers' market power and their actual mark-up rates (e.g. due to differences in motivation)? Second, do the different governance arrangements used in sectors of the industry, such as unified public and non-profit organisation and private bilateral contracting, affect pricing behaviour? A theoretical model was developed to underpin the empirical analysis of 496 residents in 112 mental health care facilities. Private, bilateral organisation was found to be associated with comparatively lower potential price-cost mark-up but a greater propensity to use this power to make profits/surpluses.     

家庭精神环境对4～5岁儿童行为问题影响的通径分析

【目的】探讨家庭精神环境对4～5岁儿童行为问题发生的影响,为有针对性地采取措施降低儿童行为问题发生率提供依据。【方法】采用Achenbach儿童行为量表(ChildBehaviorChecklist,CBCL)和家庭环境量表(FES-CV),用分层整群抽样的方法,对青岛市10所幼儿园的600名4～5岁儿童进行调查。通径分析探讨家庭精神环境对儿童行为总分的影响。【结果】行为问题检出率为14.17%,男女童间差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。对行为总分有直接作用的因素按作用大小依次为亲密度、知识性和矛盾性,有间接作用的按作用大小依次为组织性、娱乐性、情感表达、矛盾性、控制性、亲密度、成功性、道德宗教、独立性和知识性,既有直接作用、又有间接作用的是亲密度、矛盾性和知识性。【结论】家庭精神环境对学龄前儿童行为问题的发生有影响,在进行儿童行为问题的诊断和干预时,必须重视家庭精神环境的作用。     

对突破医院改革路径依赖的思考

随着市场经济体制建立以及国际竞争的导入,医院改革的步伐越来越快,触及程度越来越深入,面临的矛盾也越来越尖锐,医院改革过程中产生的路径依赖问题是当前医院改革面临困境的重要原因.该文认为特殊利益集团的反对、传统保守的观念以及初期选择的路径是产生医院改革路径依赖的关键,并针对路径依赖产生的原因提出了思考和建议.