Evaluating training methods for transporting contingency management to therapists

The effects of three increasingly intensive training methods on therapist use, knowledge, and implementation adherence of contingency management (CM) with substance abusing adolescents were evaluated. Ten public sector substance abuse or mental health provider organizations were randomized to one of three training conditions: workshop and resources (WS +), WS + and computer assisted training (WS +/CAT), or WS +/CAT and supervisory support (WS +/CAT/SS). Across conditions, 161 therapists participated in the training experiences, and measures were obtained at baseline and 2-month intervals for 12 months following workshop participation. Across training conditions, therapists reported increased CM use, knowledge, and implementation adherence through the 12-month follow-up. The findings show that community-based practitioners are amenable to the adoption of evidence-based treatments when provided access to useful resources. Moreover, high quality workshops in combination with resource access can increase knowledge of the evidence-based treatment and might enhance intervention adherence to a level needed to improve youth outcomes.     

预防和控制流感在养老院暴发管理的最佳证据总结

背景　目前我国流感疫苗覆盖率较低，一旦暴发将加剧医疗压力。目的　总结预防和控制流感在养老院暴发的最佳证据，以强化养老院管理者以及工作人员对流感的重视。方法　计算机检索万方数据知识服务平台（Wanfang Data）、维普网（VIP）、中国知网（CNKI）、中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）、中华人民共和国民政部官网、Cochrane Library、PubMed、Medline、Joanna Briggs Institute（JBI）循证卫生保健中心图书馆、Up to Date、Ovid数据库及美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）官网关于预防和控制养老院流感暴发的临床指南、系统评价、专家共识、队列研究、随机对照试验、横断面研究。检索时间为建库至2020-02-12。分别采用AGREE Ⅱ、AMSTAR、JBI循证卫生保健中心专家共识评价标准（2017年澳大利亚版本）、2016版JBI循证卫生保健中心队列研究评价标准、Jadad评分量表、2017版JBI循证卫生保健中心横断面研究质量评价工具进行质量评价。最后采用2014年澳大利亚版本JBI循证卫生保健中心证据分级及证据推荐级别系统进行证据汇总、评价和等级划分。结果　本研究最终纳入文献17篇，其中临床指南5篇、系统评价2篇、专家共识3篇、队列研究2篇、随机对照试验4篇、横断面研究1篇。5篇临床指南中各领域≥60%的数目为6的有3篇，推荐级别为A级的有5篇。2篇系统评价的质量评价结果均为准予纳入。3篇专家共识的质量评价结果均为准予纳入。2篇队列研究的质量评价结果显示文献质量均较高，允许纳入。4篇随机对照试验的质量评价结果均为准予纳入。1篇横断面研究的质量评价结果为文献属于高质量文献，允许纳入。证据汇总最终得出27条预防和控制养老院流感暴发的最佳证据，包含环境、人员管理、预防措施以及疫苗接种影响因素4个方面。结论　总结和分析国内外养老院流感暴发预防与控制的相关文献得出接种流感疫苗仍是目前控制流感的最佳方法，养老院管理者及工作人员应当提高对流感重视程度，优化流感预防管理模式。     

Consensus Statements on Driving in People with Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder leading to motor and non-motor impairments, all of which can affect fitness to drive. The literature suggest that on-road and simulated driving performances are impaired in people with PD, as compared to healthy control drivers. Clear associations exist between impaired driving performance and contrast sensitivity, visual processing speed, and psychomotor speed. Prior to this review and expert panel process, no evidence-based guidelines have existed to help occupational therapy practitioners determining fitness to drive in those with PD. Three consensus statements are presented in this work to enable occupational therapy practitioners and other driver rehabilitation specialists to make fitness to drive determinations in people with PD.     

Diagnosis and management of neuropathic pain: Review of literature and recommendations of the Polish Association for the Study of Pain and the Polish Neurological Society – Part one

Neuropathic pain still present a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge despite considerable progress in understanding of its mechanisms and publication of number of studies which assessed the efficacy and safety of drugs used in the symptomatic treatment. In practice, it is diagnosed less frequently than recognised in the epidemiological studies, and many patients do not achieve satisfactory outcomes of treatment. A multidisciplinary team of Polish experts, commissioned by the Polish Association for the Study of Pain and the Polish Neurological Society, has reviewed the literature on neuropathic pain, with special focus on the published international recommendations, and formulated recommendations on neuropathic pain diagnosis and treatment, in accordance with the principles of evidence-based medicine. The paper presents also background information on the neuropathic pain definition, epidemiology, pathomechanism and method of assessment. The diagnosis of neuropathic pain may be established based on medical history and physical examination including special assessment of the somatosensory system. First-line drugs used in pharmacological management of neuropathic pain are: tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, gabapentin, pregabalin, opioids and lidocaine patches.     

循证护理在乳癌术后放疗皮肤反应中的应用

目的应用循证护理探讨乳癌术后放疗患者皮肤反应的有效干预方法。方法根据76例患者产生皮肤反应的具体情况，提出护理问题，收集相关证据，结合实际制订切实可行的护理计划，采取相应的护理措施。结果76例患者干预后皮肤反应均得以缓解，减轻了患者的痛苦，患者能顺利完成放射治疗，达到有效的照射剂量。结论应用循证护理找出乳癌放疗患者皮肤损伤因素，采用循证护理寻求科学完整的护理方案，有助于提高护理质量。     

The postmodernist war on evidence-based practice

In this paper, we examine the war of words between those who contend that health care practice, including nursing, should primarily be informed by research (the evidence-based practice movement), and those who argue that there should be no restrictions on the sources of knowledge used by practitioners (the postmodernists). We review the postmodernist interventions of Dave Holmes and his colleagues, observing that the postmodernist style to which they adhere, which includes the use of continental philosophy, metaphors, and acerbic delivery, tends to obscure their substantive arguments. The heated nature of some responses to them has tended to have the same effect. However, the substantive arguments are important. Five main postmodernist charges are identified and discussed. The first argument, that the notion of ‘best evidence’ implies a hierarchical and exclusivist approach to knowledge, is persuasive. However, the contention that this hierarchy is maintained by the combined pressures of capitalism and vested interests within academia and the health services, is less well founded. Nevertheless, postmodernist contentions that the hierarchy embraced by the evidence-based practice movement damages health care because it excludes other forms of evidence that are needed to understand the complexity of care, it marginalizes important aspects of clinical knowledge, and it fails to take account of individuals or their experience, are all seen to be of some merit. However, we do not share the postmodernist conclusion that this adds up to a fascist order. Instead, we characterize evidence-based practice as a necessary but not sufficient component of health care knowledge.     

Evidence-based use of methotrexate in children with rheumatic diseases: a consensus statement of the Working Groups Pediatric Rheumatology Germany (AGKJR) and Pediatric Rheumatology Austria

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common diagnosis in children and adolescents with rheumatic disorders. In many children and adolescents, JIA is successfully treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and physiotherapy. However, in a significant number of cases the disease is resistant to this therapy, and treatment with second line disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) is required. Methotrexate (MTX) is frequently referred to as first-choice second-line agent for the treatment of JIA. To increase drug safety, the Working Groups for Children and Adolescents with Rheumatic Diseases in Germany (AGKJR) and Pediatric Rheumatology Austria have initiated the formulation of evidence-based recommendations. Evidence is based on consensus expert meetings, a MEDLINE search with the key words Methotrexate and juvenile arthritis limited to age 0–18 years, standard textbooks and review articles, data from the central registry of the German Research Center for Rheumatic Diseases (Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin DRFZ), experience with MTX in adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and recommendations of the German Society of Rheumatology (DGRh). Based on these data, evidence and recommendations are graded, and evidence-based recommendations for the use of MTX in children and adolescents with rheumatic disease are presented.Section Pharmacotherapy of the Working Group Pediatric Rheumatology Germany and Austria: I. Foeldvari; J.P. Haas, A. Haeffner, D. Hobusch,G. Horneff, A. Hospach, R. Keitzer, G. Klaus, M. Metzler, H. Michels, T. Niehues, I. Pilz, M. Sailer Höck, M. Schöntube, L. Schuchmann, K. Schumacher, H.W. Seyberth, E. Siemers, A. Urban, E. Weißbarth-Riedl. Working Group Pediatric Rheumatology North-Rhine-Westfalia: S. Benseler, G. Bürk, S. Fahl, I. Foeldvari, D. Föll, M. Frosch, G. Ganser, S. Kastner, I. Kleine, E. Lainka, K. Mönkemöller, J. Neubert, U. Neudorf, T. Niehues, J. Roth, S. Seeliger, N. Wagner, R. Wieland, H. Winowski.     

循证护理在小儿热性惊厥护理中的实践

目的：探讨循证护理在小儿热性惊厥护理中的效果。方法收集2010年1月-2014年12月于该院就诊的小儿热性惊厥患者180例,随机分为两组各90例,对照组采用常规护理模式,实验组在常规护理基础上采用循证护理方式,通过确定护理诊断,查阅相关文献,选择最佳护理证据,制定个体化干预措施。结果对照组再次发生惊厥频率为8.9%,实验组无再次惊厥的发生,两组差异有统计学意义（P=0.012）;实验组护理满意度显著优于对照组（98%VS87%,P=0.003）。结论循证护理在小儿热性惊厥护理中可协助护理人员制定高效准确的护理措施,减少再次出现惊厥的频率,提高护理满意度。