2009—2013年云南省边境地区传染病类突发公共卫生事件流行特征分析

目的通过了解云南省边境地区传染病类突发公共卫生事件流行特征,以指导边境地区传染病防控工作。方法对2009—2013年间云南省边境地区的传染病类突发公共卫生事件资料进行整理和描述分析,资料来源于《中国疾病预防控制信息系统》。结果云南省25个边境县(市)共报告传染病类突发公共卫生事件110起,占全省疫情的16.72%。主要为一般事件(Ⅳ级),占74.55%;发病7 086例,死亡15人;疫情波及446 213人,罹患率为1.59%。甲类传染病事件4起,占3.64%;乙类46起,占41.82%;丙类33起,占30.00%;其他27起,占24.54%。事件主要发生于每年3—5和9—12月份,以水痘等呼吸道传染病为主,主要发生在学校。境外输入传染病事件6起,均为缅甸输入。结论传染病跨境输入,特别是甲类传染病跨境输入引起的突发公共卫生事件,是云南省边境地区疾病预防控制工作的一个难点和重点。     

某地有偿供血人群HIV感染流行病学调查

目的：了解陕西省某地有偿供血人群艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染的情况和流行因素，为制定防制措施提供依据。方法：采取线索追踪为主的血清流行病学调查，填写个案调查表，并采静脉血检测HIV及丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)。结果：共调查5739人，发现27例HIV感染者。其中有偿供血者2362人，发现23例HIV感染者，感染率为0．97％。HIV感染者中，20—29岁占29．63％(8／27)，30—39岁占44．44％(12／27)，40—49岁占25．93％(7／27)。供血者子女和其它相关人群中未发现HIV感染者。20例HIV感染者的配偶中，发现4位感染HIV，感染率为20％。感染者主要集中在某县几个外出供血浆人员集中的村庄。结论：某地有偿供血人群中存在HIV感染，特别是经血HIV感染者均有去邻省有偿供血浆史，且已通过性途径传播给其配偶。需要采取相应的措施控制其进一步传播。     

Outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae at a military academy

In 2019,an outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M.pneumoniae) occurred at a military academy in China.The attack rate (10.08％,60/595) was significantly different among the units.High-intensity training and crowded environments to which cadets are exposed are the high risk factors for the outbreak of M.pneumoniae.In-time prevention and control measures effectively controlled the spread of the epidemic.     

Epidemiological Features of 105 Patients Infected with the COVID-19

ObjectiveTo investigate and evaluate the clinical features of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outside of Wuhan.Methods105 patients admitted to our hospital with clinical- and laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection were studied. Data were collected from January 17, 2020 to March 5, 2020.Results105 patients (57 male and 48 female) were confirmed to have COVID-19 infection. Among the 105 patients, 55 (52%) had made short trips to Wuhan during the two weeks before the onset of illness, and these were the first-generation confirmed cases. An exact date of close contact with someone in Wenzhou with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection from Wuhan (the second-generation confirmed cases) could be provided by 38 (36%) patients. Of the remaining patients, six (6%; the third-generation confirmed cases) were familial clusters of the second-generation confirmed cases, three (3%) had no definite epidemiological features, and 16 (15%) were from the same location as for the case report.ConclusionDue to the infectiousness of COVID-19, patients with infections should be diagnosed and treated as early as possible after developing fever symptoms or showing other clinical characteristics or imaging features. With respect to high-risk cases, we must focus on any complications that arise and take effective measures to treat them immediately. This will significantly improve the prognosis of patients with severe infections.     

A systematic review of asymptomatic infections with COVID-19

Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in late December 2019, it has brought significant harm and challenges to over 200 countries and regions around the world. However, there is increasing evidence that many patients with COVID-19 are asymptomatic or have only mild symptoms, but they are able to transmit the virus to others. There are difficulties in screening for asymptomatic infections, which makes it more difficult for national prevention and control of this epidemic. This article reviews the characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of asymptomatic infections with COVID-19, hoping it would be helpful for early prevention and control of this severe public health threat worldwide.     

上海市1296名3~5岁儿童龋病及其相关危险因素分析

目的 了解上海市3~5岁儿童低龄儿童龋患病情况及相关危险因素,为龋病防治提供参考。方法 根据第4次全国口腔健康流行病学调查要求,采用多阶段分层、等容量随机抽样方法,抽取上海市1 296名4个区、12个幼儿园中3~5岁儿童进行龋病检查,对其家长进行口腔健康知识问卷调查。采用SPSS 21.0软件包进行统计学分析。结果 上海市3~5岁儿童的乳牙患龋率、龋均分别为58.07%、2.99,各年龄组及性别间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。龋病相关单因素分析及多因素Logistics回归分析均显示,饮用甜饮料频率高、睡前吃甜食、刷牙频率少于每天1次、开始刷牙年龄大于2岁、家长受教育程度低及口腔健康知识水平差是患龋的危险因素。结论 上海市3~5岁儿童乳牙患龋率较高,加强儿童的饮食习惯及口腔卫生行为教育,提高家长口腔健康知识水平,是防治儿童龋病的有效途径。     

Epidemiological investigation and antimicrobial susceptibility analysis of Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma hominis in a teaching hospital in Shenyang,China

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in a comprehensive teaching hospital Shenyang, China over the past 4 years.MethodsA total of 1448 individuals with urogenital symptoms underwent mycoplasma testing between April 2016 and March 2020. Detection, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were carried out using Mycoplasma ID/AST kits.ResultsThe total infection rate of genital mycoplasmas was 37.5% (543/1448 cases) with an observed increase over the past 4 years. The positive rates of all three detected infections, as well as overall infection rate, were significantly higher in females than in males (P < 0.05). A higher positive rate of infection was observed in females aged 25–29 (60.5%), and in the 15–19 years age group (57.7%). The changes observed among all age groups of females were statistically significantly different (P < 0.001). The positive rates of U. urealyticum and M. hominis co-infection among the four seasons during which the survey was carried out were also observed to be statistically different (P = 0.01). More than 70% of U. urealyticum isolates were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin, and more than 80% of M. hominis isolates were resistant to erythromycin, roxithromycin, azithromycin and clarithromycin. Josamycin, doxycycline and minocycline were most effective against U. urealyticum and M. hominis.ConclusionsResults of this study found increasing rates of U. urealyticum and M. hominis infection over the past 4 years, particularly among younger age groups. U. urealyticum/Mycoplasma hominis screening among younger age cohorts are therefore strongly recommend to preventing the spread of pathogens. Monitoring antimicrobial resistance is important for preventing transmission of resistant strains of infection and for the management of antibiotics.     

The Japanese respiratory society guidelines for the management of cough and sputum (digest edition)

Cough and sputum are common complaints at outpatient visits. In this digest version, we provide a general overview of these two symptoms and discuss the management of acute (up to three weeks) and prolonged/chronic cough (longer than three weeks). Flowcharts are provided, along with a step-by-step explanation of their diagnosis and management. Most cases of acute cough are due to an infection. In chronic respiratory illness, a cough could be a symptom of a respiratory infection such as pulmonary tuberculosis, malignancy such as a pulmonary tumor, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, drug-induced lung injury, heart failure, nasal sinus disease, sinobronchial syndrome, eosinophilic sinusitis, cough variant asthma (CVA), atopic cough, chronic laryngeal allergy, gastroesophageal reflux (GER), and post-infectious cough. Antibiotics should not be prescribed for over-peak cough but can be considered for atypical infections. The exploration of a single/major cause is recommended for persistent/chronic cough. When sputum is present, a sputum smear/culture (general bacteria, mycobacteria), cytology, cell differentiation, chest computed tomography (CT), and sinus X-ray or CT should be performed. There are two types of rhinosinusitis. Conventional sinusitis and eosinophilic rhinosinusitis present primarily with neutrophilic inflammation and eosinophilic inflammation, respectively. The most common causes of dry cough include CVA, atopic cough/laryngeal allergy (chronic), GER, and post-infectious cough. In the last chapter, future challenges and perspectives are discussed. We hope that the clarification of the pathology of cough hypersensitivity syndrome will lead to further development of “pathology-specific non-specific therapeutic drugs” and provide benefits to patients with chronic refractory cough.     

Occurrence of a mosquito vector in bird houses: Developmental consequences and potential epidemiological implications

Even with continuous vector control, dengue is still a growing threat to public health in Southeast Asia. Main causes comprise difficulties in identifying productive breeding sites and inappropriate targeted chemical interventions. In this region, rural families keep live birds in backyards and dengue mosquitoes have been reported in containers in the cages. To focus on this particular breeding site, we examined the capacity of bird fecal matter (BFM) from the spotted dove, to support Aedes albopictus larval growth. The impact of BFM larval uptake on some adult fitness traits influencing vectorial capacity was also investigated. In serial bioassays involving a high and low larval density (HD and LD), BFM and larval standard food (LSF) affected differently larval development. At HD, development was longer in the BFM environment. There were no appreciable mortality differences between the two treatments, which resulted in similar pupation and adult emergence successes. BFM treatment produced a better gender balance. There were comparable levels of blood uptake and egg production in BFM and LSF females at LD; that was not the case for the HD one, which resulted in bigger adults. BFM and LSF females displayed equivalent lifespans; in males, this parameter was shorter in those derived from the BFM/LD treatment. Taken together these results suggest that bird defecations successfully support the development of Ae. albopictus. Due to their cryptic aspects, containers used to supply water to encaged birds may not have been targeted by chemical interventions.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎流行特征及防控措施评价

【目的】描述新型冠状病毒肺炎的流行病学特征和发展趋势,评价我国及其他国家重点地区防控措施对疫情的影响,为进一步预测疫情发展和制定有针对性的防治措施提供依据。【方法】收集截止到2020年3月30日由全国各省市卫健委,各国病例报告及WHO每日公布的统计数据和已发表论文的数据,并进行整理分析。【结果】疫情呈现暴发流行特点,病例上升速度快。全国新增确诊病例在确定人际传播后13天达到全程流行高峰,高峰持续约1周时间,之后日新增确诊人数逐步下降。目前我国31个省市自治区以及港澳台地区均出现新冠病毒感染者;全国病死率为4.05%,武汉市为5.10%,湖北省（除武汉市）为3.59%;全国平均治愈率93.85%,除港澳台地区各省治愈率均较高,仅上海和内蒙古治愈率现维持在70%以下。为控制疫情,针对人群采取了限制交通和人员流动（1月23日）、集中隔离治疗（2月02日）、普遍症状调查（2月17日）以及入境监测和隔离。采取限制交通和人员流动的措施后武汉新增病例占全国大部分,但是全国除湖北地区由原来的平均日新增确诊520.7例下降到474.4例。在采取医院隔离治疗措施后,其中武汉新增日平均死亡人数由79.4例下降至38.6例,全国新增日平均死亡人数由105.0例下降至47.7例。采取医疗支援措施有建立方舱医院及派出援鄂医疗队,全国每日新增死亡数在这期间增长缓慢。中国、美国和意大利三个国家采取第一步措施距发现第一例病例时间分别是中国3天、美国50天、意大利39天。中国病例增加速度最小,在采取措施后16天达到疫情高峰并约持续8天,美国和意大利分别在采取措施后6天和9天后达高峰,目前仍在平台期未出现下降。【结论】 COVID-19首先在湖北武汉市爆发,全国各省市均有分布,发病率、病死率无明显差异。我国采取的防控措施有效遏制了疫情进展。相对美国、意大利,我国采取防控措施更为迅速效果更为显著。