某城区1999年环境空气质量现状及对策研究

目的 研究改善空气质量的对策。方法二氧化硫的测定用甲醛一副玫瑰苯胺分光光度法;氮氧．化物的测定用Saltzman法;总悬浮颗粒的测定用重量法;所获数据经数理统计检验。结果SO2、NOx、TSP无显性差异,各功能区与上年均无显性差异。结论1999年环境空气质量与1998年相比无显性差异,改善环境质量,应从调整能源结构入手,同时大力推广汽车空气净化技术,控制汽车、摩托车增长速度,加强植树     

Accounting for susceptibility in risk assessment: The need for full disclosure

Many Environmental Laws create the unrealistic expectation that science can be used to determine ‘safety'. The many uncertainties surrounding environmental risks, as well as individual, group and societal differences about what is considered ‘safe', make it inevitable that policy decisions must be made. It is appropriate that such decisions be shaped by politics and social issues, as well as be informed by science and economics, but care should be taken to distinguish between policy and fact. Not much is known about the nature and magnitude of environmental susceptibilities. Credible environmental decisions require that scientists, risk assessors and decision-makers acknowledge this, and that they take care to distinguish policy calls from scientific fact.     

云南富源县阿依村肺癌的流行病学特征及环境致癌因素研究

本文对富源县阿依村特定人群肺癌的流行病学特征及环境致癌因素进行调查研究。研究了该村1986～1996年肺癌调整死亡率的水平,变化趋势、死亡专率及性别比值。该村肺癌死亡率高、波动性大。男性肺癌调整死亡率高于宣威肺癌高发区1．9倍,女性肺癌调整死亡率接近宣威肺癌高发区的水平,男女合计肺癌调整死亡率高于我国重庆、上海、沈阳、大连、南京、天津、广州等工业城市9．7～12．0倍。男性高于女性2．4倍。死亡高峰年龄男女性均始于30～岁年龄组。以居民群体为暴露单位,采集了该村火塘燃烧室、地炉燃烧室、室外空气中颗粒物及有害气体样品,检测其TSP、IP、BaP、SO2浓度,结果显示上述4项污染物的浓度均是火塘燃烧室高于地炉燃烧室而室外最低。γ辐射火塘燃烧室显著高于地炉燃烧室。IP提取物的致突变活性,火塘燃烧室高于地炉燃烧室高于室外。对该村居民改炉改灶降低室内空气中污染物的浓度及致突变活性的效果进行了评定。     

某石化企业周围人群呼吸道疾病危险因素分析

对某石化企业调查结果表明：其周围环境空气中ＳＯ２、ＮＯｘ、ＴＳＰ、非甲烷总烃等污染指标不同程度超标,企业职工及附近居民呼吸道疾病患病率明显高于对照人群（Ｐ＜０．０５）,职业、文化程度、吸烟、家用燃料、人均住房面积、环境空气质量指数是影响人群呼吸道疾病发生的危险因素,最高相对危险度ＲＲ值为４．９２７。     

Use of crayfish in biomonitoring studies of environmental pollution of the river Meuse

The river Meuse, located in western Europe, is contaminated by different pollutants, of both organic and inorganic nature. The predominant sources of Meuse contamination in The Netherlands are agricultural activities and pollution derived from urban areas. Crayfish, water, and sediment samples were collected at four different locations of the river Meuse, in order to cover a large part of the catchment area of this river in The Netherlands. Crayfish may be very useful in biomonitoring studies, since they can integrate body load by pollutants over time in an area-bound manner. In these crayfish, levels of aromatic DNA adducts, heavy metal residues, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides were determined in hepatopancreatic tissue. Also analyzed were water and sediment samples derived from the same locations, for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals, and organochlorine compounds. In sediments from the four different sampling sites, no clear differences were observed in PCB levels. Organochlorine pesticide concentrations were highest at location A, the most upstream sampling site, whereas a general decrease was observed following the river Meuse downstream. A similar pattern was observed for the metal compounds. For PAH sediment levels no consistent tendency could be observed. Highest values were detected at site B, followed by, respectively, locations A, D, and C. In water samples, a different pattern was observed. The highest metal concentration was observed at location D, whereas the total organochlorine level was higher at sites B and D, compared to the two other sampling sites. Differences in pollution levels in crayfish between sampling sites were evident. Site D, the most downstream-situated site examined, appeared to be the most polluted site with respect to PCBs, DDT, DDE, and Cu in crayfish. Moreover, DNA adduct levels, which may serve as a dosimeter for the internal dose of aromatic compounds such as PAHs and PCBs, were also significantly higher in hepatopancreatic tissue of crayfish captured at site D, compared to the three other sampling sites. Moreover, significant correlations were observed between DNA adduct levels and the lower chlorinated PCB congeners (PCB 28-PCB 101). By correlating the different pollutants in water and/or sediment with xenobiotic levels in crayfish, no consistency could be observed, indicating that monitoring aquatic species may provide specific information on the presence of surface water pollutants. These results indicate that crayfish can be used as biological indicators of exposure to both organic and inorganic pollution in aquatic systems.     

Prevalence of asthma and respiratory symptoms in south-central Durban, South Africa

The prevalence of asthma and respiratory symptoms in south-central Durban, one of the most heavily polluted areas of South Africa, has been determined using a cross-sectional survey of 213 households in the communities of Merewent (97% Indians) and Austerville (98% coloreds). The study population consisted of 367 children (less than 17 years old) and 693 adults. About 10% of the children and 12% of adults reported doctor diagnosed asthma. The self-reported prevalence rates for wheezing (37–40%) and attacks of shortness of breath with wheeze (16–28%) were much higher than that for doctor diagnosed asthma and common co-occurrence of the three symptoms is found. The prevalence rates for other respiratory symptoms include 33–35% for chronic cough, 31–32% for chronic phlegm, 44–50% for frequent blocked-runny nose, and 16–27% for sinusitis. Factors in the community that were associated with asthma, wheeze and shortness of breath with wheeze among the adult population included cigarette smoking, use of insecticides (coils and pump spray) and home ownership. An association between asthma among children and a number of household risk factors including dampness, carpet, pets or use of pesticides was not apparent in the community. Asthma prevalence was strongly correlated with missing of school by children (odds ratio (OR): 44; 95% confidence interval (CI): 13–141). The study serves to draw attention to a growing but neglected public health problem in urban areas of Africa.     

Modelling asthma epidemics on the relationship between air pollution and asthma emergency visits in Barcelona, Spain

We have investigated different methods of controlling for asthma epidemics in the time series regression of the relationship between air pollution and asthma emergency visits in Barcelona, Spain. The relationship between air pollution and asthma emergency room visits was modelled using autoregressive Poisson models. We examined the effect of using no control by epidemics, and modelling asthma epidemics with a single dummy variable, six dummy variables, and a dummy variable for each epidemic day. Air pollution coefficients increased when controlling asthma epidemics with six dummy variables instead of a single variable. They further increased when autocorrelation was allowed for. Standard errors were relatively unaffected when either the epidemics or the autocorrelation were included in the model. Black smoke, nitrogen dioxide and ozone were statistically significant associated to asthma emergency visits after using six dummy variables to control for asthma epidemics. We have shown that different models, including different confounding variables, give markedly different estimates of the effect of a pollutant on health. Care is needed in the interpretation of such models, and careful reporting so it is clear how the confounding variables have been modelled.     

铁路危险品货运站空气污染物的致遗传毒性作用研究

采用ＳＯＳ／ｕｍｕ 试验和ＳＯＳ 原位试验,对铁路危险品货运站（ 以下简称危货站） 空气污染物的致遗传毒性进行了研究。结果表明：在不加Ｓ９ 活化系统的条件下,危货站空气污染颗粒提取物具有致遗传毒性作用,可使ＴＡ１５３５／ＰＳＫ１００２ 菌株产生β半乳糖苷酶的量增加,并存在剂量—反应关系;加入Ｓ９ 活化系统后,则ＳＯＳ／ｕｍｕ 试验阴性。同时,应用ＳＯＳ 原位法,对危货站空气污染的综合致遗传毒性进行了现场监测。结果显示,随采样体积的增加,β半乳糖苷酶的量也增加,采样体积与酶诱导率之间,存在剂量—反应关系。     

常见大气细菌对动物肺损伤的实验研究

为研究大气微生物对人体健康的影响,于１９９７年对上海市大气细菌污染进行了调查。在此基础上,采用大鼠经气管灌注细菌悬液２４小时后,分析肺灌洗液组成的方法,就大气细菌对动物呼吸系统损伤方面进行了研究。同时比较了不同地区大气细菌对大鼠肺细胞的损伤效应。结果发现大气细菌污染严重地区的细菌染毒组ＡＬＢ、ＬＤＨ、ＡＣＰ、ＡＫＰ、中性粒细胞等指标比清洁区升高更为显著,提示大气中常见细菌可对肺组织造成损伤。     

洛阳市大气污染危害人体健康造成经济损失的评估

为了揭示由于环境污染危害人体健康所造成的经济损失,运用环境经济学理论,根据洛阳市１９９４年及有关统计资料进行分析估。结果表明大气环境污染危害人体健康,当年造成的经济损失为１．５０４亿元,占当年全市总消费支出的１３．５％,其中患呼吸道疾病提前死亡造成的经济损失占该项损失的４８．３％,误工人占４１．５０％。