医学生就业问题的几点思考

本文分析了导致医学生就业难的各方面因素,重点分析了医学生在就业问题上的心态,归纳了各种可能的就业渠道,指出应当从多方面入手加强医学生就业指导工作.     

高校毕业生就业影响因素分析及改进策略

影响高校毕业生就业的因素包括就业市场、专业结构以及就业观念。切实解决高校毕业生就业问题,需要政府、高校、用人单位和高校毕业生四方共同努力。     

做好毕业生就业工作是我校教学管理研究的新课题

做好高校毕业生就业工作是社会主义现代化建设的需要,也是许多老校遇到的新问题,广西医科大学把它作为影响高校发展的新课题加以研究,加强管理,以科学发展观总结了就业工作的经验。     

Contraceptive intentions of survivors of severe acute maternal morbidity in Kaduna State,Nigeria

Objective: Intention to use modern contraception in women with severe acute maternal morbidity (SAMM) presents a window of opportunity to scale up postpartum family planning to prevent future complications. The aim of this study was to determine the factors that affect the contraceptive intentions of women who survive SAMM in Kaduna State, northern Nigeria.

Methods: SAMM survivors aged 15–49 years were recruited after recovery and interviewed before discharge from hospital.

Results: Of the 330 women studied, 246 (74.5%) had wanted the index pregnancy. Although their knowledge of modern contraception was good (89.1%), only 44.5% had ever used modern contraception. The main reason given for not wanting to use modern contraception was that God should decide on the number of children. Injectables, pills, implants and male condoms were the commonest contraceptive methods used. Of the women who gave reasons for stopping these contraceptives, the main reasons in 61% were desire to conceive and fear of side effects. The majority (72.4%) of the women wished to have more children and 69.1% intended to use contraception in the future. The husband’s permission was needed by 78.2% of respondents before using contraception. The commonest reason given for not wanting to get pregnant again was to avoid complications (30.4%) and that family size had been completed (28.6%).

Conclusion: Male partner involvement and counselling to address religious views and fear of side effects are critical to the acceptance of postpartum family planning in SAMM survivors.     

Evolution of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome: A Long-Term Longitudinal Study

Summary: In 102 patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) observed for an average of 16 years (range, 10–20 years), 12 of the patients worked normally, 36 worked part-time or at a sheltered workshop, and most of the remaining 54 were under home care or institutionalization. LGS evolved from West syndrome or from unspecified epilepsies, or as the primary form, mostly in childhood and rarely in adolescence or adulthood. At the worst stage, there were diverse types of generalized seizures, slow spike-and-wave EEG complexes, fast rhythms, and multiple spike-and-wave complexes. Mental subnormality progressively worsened. Characteristic symptoms of LGS continued in one third of patients, and various abortive forms of LGS were seen in the other two thirds, although LGS did not evolve into a localization-related epilepsy during the survey period. The evolution of seizure and EEG epileptic discharges suggests that LGS has a characteristic clinical course as it progresses. The persistent generalized tonic seizures of various magnitude over a long time in the vast majority of patients indicate that the brainstem rather than the cortical mantle is involved as the seat of seizure-generating mechanisms in LGS.     

Special provisions for women doctors to train and practise in medicine after graduation: a report of a survey

The findings of a survey of 3262 women doctors registered between 1945 and 1974 are reported. The results are based on 2433 returned questionnaires (75% response). The survey confirmed that the special forms of assistance provided to enable women doctors to continue training and to work after graduation are inadequate. Although the Women Doctors' Retainer Scheme and part-time training schemes are suited to women's needs, they are insufficiently publicized, inflexibly administered and limited in availability. The need for a counselling service for women doctors is not met. Facilities for child care on NHS premises are very deficient. With more substantial provision of all these forms of assistance to women doctors, the scope and extent of their contribution to medicine could be increased. The Medical Register is an unreliable means of ascertaining the numbers and whereabouts of women who may require this special assistance. The main problem now is not a lack of ideas about suitable provision for women doctors, but the implementation by the relevant authorities of the proposals already made, to enable both women doctors themselves and the NHS to benefit.     

The Relationship Between Birth Predictedness and Violence During Pregnancy Among Women in La Paz and El Alto,Bolivia

Objectives: The main objectives were to estimate the prevalence of predicted and unpredicted last births using a prospective approach and to estimate the prevalence of violence during the last pregnancy. In addition, the relationship between birth predictedness and violence during pregnancy was examined. Methods: The target population for this study was women who had participated in the 1994 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and lived in El Alto and La Paz Bolivia (n = 1308). In 1997, 816 women were located and re-interviewed. During this three-year interval, 127/816 women had given birth to their last child. Results: Of the last births that occurred during the three-year interval, 82% were unpredicted (18% were to women who stated in 1994 that they wanted to postpone childbirth for more than three years and 64% were to women who stated they wanted to wanted to forego childbearing entirely). Twenty-eight percent of women reported that they had experienced violence during their last pregnancy. No statistically significant relationship was found between birth predictedness and violence during their pregnancy. Conclusions: The majority of births that occurred in the three-year study interval were unpredicted. The prevalence of violence during pregnancy was alarmingly high among this sample of women. Further investigation on violence during pregnancy is needed and should be expanded to examine how violence during pregnancy impacts maternal and infant outcomes, which have remained poor in this country. In addition, the high rates of unpredicted births illustrate that work remains to be done in addressing womens ability to control their fertility.     

Psychosocial rehabilitation and satisfaction with life in adults with childhood-onset of end-stage renal disease

Little information is available on vocational rehabilitation and satisfaction with the quality of life in adult patients with early onset of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). A sample of 39 patients (mean age =26.7±6, range, 18 to 43 years, n =13 on dialysis, n =26 transplanted successfully) were required to report data on their vocational qualification and employment, and their degree of general and health-related satisfaction with life was surveyed. Data on psychosocial rehabilitation were collected by a structured questionnaire, whereas satisfaction with the quality of life was assessed with the standardized Questionnaire on Satisfaction in Life (FLZ). Fifty-eight percent of the patients had left school with certificates equivalent to high school graduation, 87% had completed vocational training and 67% were in paid employment. Forty-nine percent lived on their own or with a partner and 72% fully or partly earned their own living. The mean general and health-related satisfaction with life is significantly reduced compared to the general population. The patients were least satisfied in the areas partnership/sexuality and family life/offspring in general, as well as physical condition and ability to relax within health-orientated satisfaction. Final mean body height was 167.6±11.9 (SDS –1.54±1.59) for male and 153.77±8.29 for female patients (SDS –1.58±1.54). Thirty-six percent reported to be dissatisfied with their present body height compared to 4% of age-matched healthy controls. Positive perception of quality of life was significantly correlated to satisfaction with adult height ( r =0.41, P =0.008). Vocational rehabilitation of adult patients with early onset of ESRD achieves lower values than among the general population, however, more favorable percentages than among young adult patients or patients with adult onset of ESRD. The patients self-evaluation of both their general and health-related quality of life proves to be clearly muted, which is a clear indication of the physical and psychological strain of living with a chronic disease.     

Race, employment, and spinal cord injury

OBJECTIVES: To examine issues of employment and race for persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), by assessing the type of work that was being done before and after injury and by placing this in the context of patterns for the general population. DESIGN: Retrospective, cross-sectional analysis. SETTING: Centers funded as part of the federally sponsored Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems (MSCIS) Project. PARTICIPANTS: Two samples: 5925 African Americans and whites with SCI who are part of the MSCIS and a subset of 577 people with SCI. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic information, occupational status, employment rate, job census codes, Craig Hospital Assessment and Reporting Technique-Short Form, and Satisfaction With Life Scale. RESULTS: Racial disparities were found in employment rates before injury and at 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years after SCI. Differences were also found in the types of jobs that were held before SCI with patterns for participants similar to those of African Americans and whites in the general population. No differences were found in the types of jobs held by African Americans and whites with SCI at 1 year after injury. After injury, African Americans had lower economic self-sufficiency scores, regardless of employment status, and lower social integration scores among those who were not employed. CONCLUSIONS: Racial disparities found in employment patterns among persons with SCI mirrored patterns among the general population.     

Intentions of first-degree relatives of patients with Alzheimer's disease to seek a cognitive status examination

AIMS: The aim of the present study was to examine the factors influencing intentions to seek a cognitive status evaluation among first-degree relatives of persons with Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: Phone interviews were conducted with 93 first-degree relatives of persons with Alzheimer's disease, recruited from a large memory clinic. MEASURES: Intentions to seek a cognitive status examination were examined by asking participants to rate their willingness to seek a cognitive status examination during the next year and during the next five years. Independent variables included participants' and patients' characteristics, caregiving characteristics, knowledge about AD, worries about memory problems, and perceptions of the benefits and barriers of seeking a cognitive status examination. RESULTS: Overall, first-degree relatives reported only moderate intentions to seek a cognitive status examination. Their willingness to seek an examination was related to the characteristics of the first-degree relative (income and subjective memory), the characteristics of the patients (behavioral problems), the caregiving characteristics (primary caregiver), and to the perceptions of barriers associated with the examination. CONCLUSIONS: These findings stress the complexity of the decision-making process confronting first-degree relatives regarding their intentions to seek a cognitive status examination, and suggest the need to provide information to reach an informed decision.