Oxidative stress in hepatitis C virus–human immunodeficiency virus co-infected patients

Introduction and objectivesHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection generates sustained inflammation with increased reactive oxygen species production. The pathogenic impact of systemic oxidative stress is known to influence drug treatment and follow-up. The aim of this case–control study was to compare the redox status in HCV–HIV co-infected with respect to HIV-infected individuals and to explore the relation between redox and HIV follow-up variables.Patients or materials and methodsBlood samples were drawn from 330 individuals divided into three groups: HIV, HCV–HIV and presumable healthy subjects. Redox, hematological, hemochemical, immunologic and virological indexes were determined.ResultsBoth HIV groups had significant differences in global indexes of damage and antioxidant status (p < 0.05) with respect to the supposedly healthy individual group. HCV–HIV group showed a significantly higher damage (total hydroperoxide and advanced oxidation protein products) compared to the control and HIV groups (p < 0.05). The overall modification of the redox indexes showed that 72% of individuals with simultaneous detrimental differences were related to HCV–HIV condition.ConclusionsThese results corroborate that oxidative stress occurs in the HIV condition and also during HCV–HIV co-infection, with different molecular changes of follow-up indexes. Redox indexes diagnosis should be considered in early diagnosis and treatment of HCV–HIV co-infection.     

Foreword

Most recently, considerable attention has been focused on the social construction of knowledge and an internalist, first‐person perspective on learning. Included in this paradigm shift is a particular ‘hybrid’ of both psychology and educational theory often referred to as ‘theory of mind’ (ToM research) or folk psychology. This article outlines models of teaching, learning, and mind in the hopes that such an advance in understanding children's minds will lead to an improved pedagogy. To address the issues of emotion and ‘spiritual voice’ that may constrain learning in the classroom and self‐development, Belenky et al.’sfive epistemological perspectives or ‘Women's Ways of Knowing’ (New York, Basic Books, 1986) are couched within the framework of Olson and Burner's [Folk Psychology and Folk Pedagogy, in: D. Olson & N. Torrance (Eds) Handbook of Education and Human Development: New Models of Learning, Teaching and Schooling, pp. 9‐27 (Oxford, Blackwell)] four models of mind, teaching and learning. At issue is the dialogical relation between folk psychology and folk pedagogy and its contingency on both culture and context.     

重庆市涪陵区艾滋病患者强化干预效果评价

目的评价重庆市涪陵区艾滋病患者强化干预及抗病毒治疗效果。方法采用比较法,比较强化干预前后艾滋病相关知识知晓率、安全性行为率、抗病毒治疗依从性、生存状态等差异;分组比较强化干预在发病后生存率、CD4+T淋巴细胞恢复率的差异。结果强化干预显著增加了艾滋病患者的艾滋病相关知识知晓率(干预前1/43,干预后38/42,χ2=66.49,P<0.005)、安全性行为率(干预前0/40,干预后36/39,χ2=67.84,P<0.005)、抗病毒治疗依从性(干预前10/43,干预后42/42,χ2=52.69,P<0.005),明显改善了艾滋病患者的生存质量(干预前34/43,干预后41/43,χ2=5.11,P<0.05),提高了艾滋病患者的病后生存率(干预组32/33,非干预组10/19,χ2=15.26,P<0.005)和CD4+T淋巴细胞恢复率(干预组29/33,非干预组0/19,χ2=37.75,P<0.005),降低了二代感染率(干预组0/33,非干预组5/19,χ2=9.61,P<0.005)。结论通过强化干预,该区艾滋病患者的艾滋病相关知识知晓率明显增加、高危行为明显减少以阻断二代感染、抗病毒治疗依从性良好,病人生存质量得到很大改善,增强了抗病毒治疗效果,延长了病人生命。     

Joint modeling of longitudinal and survival data with missing and left‐censored time‐varying covariates

We propose a joint model for longitudinal and survival data with time‐varying covariates subject to detection limits and intermittent missingness at random. The model is motivated by data from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), in which HIV+ subjects have viral load and CD4 cell count measured at repeated visits along with survival data. We model the longitudinal component using a normal linear mixed model, modeling the trajectory of CD4 cell count by regressing on viral load, and other covariates. The viral load data are subject to both left censoring because of detection limits (17%) and intermittent missingness (27%). The survival component of the joint model is a Cox model with time‐dependent covariates for death because of AIDS. The longitudinal and survival models are linked using the trajectory function of the linear mixed model. A Bayesian analysis is conducted on the MACS data using the proposed joint model. The proposed method is shown to improve the precision of estimates when compared with alternative methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

健康教育视频在脑卒中照顾者中的应用

目的探讨应用视频对脑卒中照顾者进行健康教育的方法及效果。方法收集并制作脑卒中健康教育及康复指导的视频,使用移动护理车车载电脑在床边护理过程中进行视频播放,对脑卒中照顾者实施健康教育。回顾性比较采用移动护理车车载视频系统结合传统方法进行健康教育的脑卒中照顾者和进行传统健康教育的脑卒中照顾者的照顾能力。结果在传统健康教育的基础上采用视频宣教,脑卒中照顾者的照顾能力高于以往传统健康宣教后的照顾者(P<0.05)。结论视频宣教方式调动了患者及照顾者接受健康教育的积极性,保证健康教育内容传递的准确性,提高了照顾者的照顾能力。     

艾滋病与系统红斑狼疮各125例头发ICP35种元素检验结果比较

笔者分别对125例Aids与正常人、SLE与正常人进行比较基础上。对125例Aids和SLE配对，用ICP法测35种元素，在本文报告31种元素检验结果，经t-检验：平均值的成对二样分析发现：Aids与SLE发检结果比较：Bi、Li、Mn、Ti、AI等5种元素含量为正相关；而Cu、Co、Ge、Mo、Sb、Ce、La、Ga、Th等9种元素含量呈负相关。从而揭示了免疫缺陷病毒感染者与系统性红斑狼疮患者体内元素代谢的差异，为当今世界攻克免疫性疾病指出方向，证明元素平衡医学食疗是解决Aids、SLE、癌症等免疫性疾病必由之路。     

艾滋病不是不治之症

艾滋病是患者感染了人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）失去了正常免疫功能而感染各种疾病，最终导致死亡，现己发展成全球性的瘟疫。按现代医学的“鸡尾酒疗法”只能缓解病情，用对症疗法可以治好一些机会感染、而无法治愈艾滋病。医学界以为疫苗是可以防治艾滋病，各国竞相投入大量人力和物力进行研究，结果全部失败告终。医学界断言艾滋病无法治愈为时过早，其实，在医学界以上路子不通，不等于所有路子都不通，天无绝人之路嘛。笔者观察到在非洲有几十名妓女“对艾滋病病毒感而不染”，而且，在国内外已有3．5例没有用药或骨髓移植艾滋病患者痊愈。所以，笔者坚信艾滋病用元素医学食疗法有可能被治愈，在艾滋病疫区河南上蔡文楼村经16个月努力终于2005年11月底有2例完全痊愈，说明艾滋病不是不治之症。已超越卫生部国家中医药管理局推荐《中医药治疗艾滋痞临床技术方案（试行）》“目前中医对艾滋病治疗的主要目标是提高免疫功能、控制机会性感染，改善生存质量，使患者带毒生存”的要求，正在向完全攻克艾滋病方向的迈进。     

LIVER PATHOLOGY IN CHILDREN WITH AIDS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SOUTH AMERICAN AND NORTH AMERICAN POPULATION

Liver tissue from autopsies of twenty-nine cases of children with AIDS were collected from three major South America (SA) pediatric hospitals. The hepatopathologic findings were classified in the same fashion as in a series of sixty-one children with AIDS from North America (NA): inflammation, nonspecific, lymphoproliferative disorders, and giant cell transformation. By comparing both groups, we noted that the SA children were younger at time of death consistent with a more rapid progression of the disease. Opportunistic infections varied with a higher prevalence of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in SA children. The histopathologic features of CMV in the liver of SA children were associated with a conspicuous inflammation absent in the NA group. Finally, different non-specific hepatic changes were found in SA children, including one case of peliosis hepatis.     

ANTIBODIES TO HIV ARE PRODUCED WITHIN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF ALL SUBJECTS WITH ALL CATEGORIES OF HIV INFECTION

Anti-HIV antibodies were found in the cerebrospinal fluid of all 41 subjects tested whose serum contained these antibodies. To ensure that locally produced antibody was being detected, a sensitive assay was used to demonstrate the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Antibodies to ubiquitous adenovirus group antigens were sought, simultaneously, in CSF and serum. A lack of adenovirus antibodies in CSF of subjects seropositive for adenovirus was required before CSF anti-HIV antibodies could be considered to be produced within the central nervous system.
Of the 41 subjects tested eight were asymptomatic, eight were clinically well but had persistent lymphadenopathy, 14 were immunodeficient arid had constitutional symptoms (AIDS-related complex or ARC) and 11 had AIDS. Ofigoclonal banding was detected in the CSF of 16 subjects and a pleocytosis was present in 24. Neither finding clustered with a particular stage of infection. It appears that HIV infection of T lymphocytes and the central nervous system occurs simultaneously, early in the course of the infection. All HIV infected subjects are at risk of developing primary neurological as well as immunological sequelae. Currently poorly understood resistance factors must protect both lymphocytes and nervous system tissue from damage by the HIV virus, as to date, the majority of infected subjects have not become immunodeficient or developed neurological disease.