Nonlinear optimal control of washing machine based on approximate solution of HJB equation

Performance of a washing machine depends on different parameters, namely water temperature, degree of soiling, water volume, and motor speed. In this paper, firstly, a nonlinear model is derived based on the empirical data. In addition, validity of the proposed model is also verified. Secondly, to optimize the performance, a quadratic energy function is considered, which is minimized subject to the nonlinear model of the Washing Machine. Finding the corresponding control law requires solving a partial differential equation called Hamiltonian–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation. An approximate solution for HJB equation using the second‐, third‐, and fourth‐order terms of Taylor's series expansion is utilized. Simulation results reveal that the higher‐order controller leads not only to a lower cost function but also to a better performance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Orale Kontrazeptiva und Venenerkrankungen

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四妙除痹汤内服外洗治疗热痹60例

目的：观察四妙除痹汤内服外洗对热痹（风湿类疾病急性期或活动期）患治疗前后体温（T）、血沉（ESR）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、抗“O”（ASO)变化及临床疗效。方法：96例热痹患，随机分为治疗组（60例）和对照组（36例），分别给予四妙除痹汤及布洛芬片治疗，观察其疗效及治疗前后T、ESR、CRP、ASO变化。结果：四妙除痹汤治疗热痹汤治疗热痹具有明显的疗效（P＜0．01），并与其降低T、ESR、CRP、ASO 等相关（P＜0．01）。结论：四妙除痹汤对热痹患有一定疗效。     

A Study of the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Detergents for Hand Washing: Using the Full-hand Touch Plates Method

We studied the effects of four kinds of antimicrobial detergents, 4% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG), chlorbenzarconium (CBC), 10% povidone-iodine (PVI), 0.3% triclosan (TRI), and one non-medicated detergent (NMD) using the full-hand touch plates method. Before and after 3 minutes of hand scrubbing with a brush, bacterial colonies on the hand surface and subungual bacteria were counted. CHG, CBC, and PVI were excellent antimicrobial detergents against hand surface bacteria, but most of the subungual bacteria remained. The subungual space was the most difficult region from which to eradicate bacteria. TRI was much less effective than hand soap against hand surface bacteria.     

Numbers and vitality of leukocytes in pocket washings of untreated periodontitis lesions in humans utilizing a novel intracrevicular lavage technique

The purpose of the present study was to develop an intracrevicular lavage technique, and to use it for assessment of the total number and % of vital leukocytes from untreated periodontitis pockets. A lavage device was developed, consisting of specially crafted cannulas, a vacuum pump and a charge amplifier. In vivo evaluations showed that there was a linear relationship between lavage time and lavage volume; 2–6 lavage samples were obtained from each of 20 patients with untreated advanced periodontitis, and the lavage time was measured in a subsample of 16 pockets. The lavage fluid was centrifuged, and the supernatant was separated from the cellular components. The cells were vital-stained using two methods, trypanblue exclusion method (TB) and ethidiumbromide fluorescein-diacetate stain (EB-FDA). Numbers of vital and non-vital leukocytes per sample were assessed using a Neubauer chamber. The number of erythrocytes per sample was evaluated using the same counting method. The results included 95 samples obtained from the 20 patients: 76% of all samples ranged in pocket depth between 4 and 8 mm. The lavage technique provided an overall mean lavage volume of 282.37 microliters in an average time of 16.44 seconds. The mean number of leukocytes per sample was 22.20 × 10³ (TB) and 24.48 × 10³ (EB-FDA). Percent vital leukocytes were 72.27 (TB) and 72.63 (EB-FDA). EB-FDA had a lower counting error than TB. The low erythrocyte counts per sample suggested that subgingival bleeding during sampling was negligible. Spearman correlation coefficients showed weak associations between pocket depth and leukocyte counts, % of vital leukocytes and erythrocytes. Due to the short sampling time this new intracrevicular sampling technique permits sampling of pockets before the tissue responds to the stimulus of the lavage device, and provides subgingival washings with high numbers of leukocytes.     

洗眼球洗眼法与输液吊瓶洗眼法的对比分析

目的:对比分析洗眼球洗眼法与输液吊瓶洗眼法的洗眼速度和效果。方法:将80例行准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(LASIK)患者随机分为两组,40例采用洗眼球洗眼法,40例采用输液吊瓶洗眼法。结果:采用洗眼球洗眼者共计历时195m in,平均4.88m in,清洁率为62.5%;采用输液吊瓶洗眼者共计历时130m in,平均3.25m in,清洁率为92.5%,两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:输液吊瓶洗眼法速度快,清洁度高,值得临床推广。     

手部卫生与医院感染的研究进展

医疗机构中医务人员手上携带的细菌已成为医院感染的主要致病源,这些病原体不仅可从已感染伤口或引流伤口处获得,还可从正常、完整的皮肤区域获得。手的清洗和消毒是防止医院感染的最重要措施之一。论文概述了手清洗、卫生手消毒和外科手消毒的分类定义。并对目前使用的酒精、洗必泰葡萄糖酸盐、碘伏、六氯酚、三氯生等各类手卫生产品的作用机理、效果对比及其特点进行了讨论。总结了手卫生存在的一些问题,包括医护人员手卫生遵守率低下,医疗机构对手卫生的重视不足,细菌对消毒剂敏感度的降低和消毒剂使用中发生的接触性皮炎等。并就如何降低接触性皮炎的发生率、减少杀菌剂不利效果的方法、提高手卫生遵守率等一些最新的旨在改进手卫生状况的策略和对策进行阐述。     

Preparation of Platelet Suspensions from Whole Blood in Buffer

A simple method for preparation of platelet suspensions from whole blood in buffer is described. The platelets and a fraction of the erythrocytes are processed simultaneously, whereby the erythrocytes serve as a supporting cushion in the centrifugation steps. Using this earlier described principle of platelet separation, platelet yields of 90–100% from whole blood could be achieved. Investigations of platelet aggregation and platelet morphology indicate that this method of separation is gentle. By obviating the selection of certain platelet populations this method may facilitate the interpretation of the results of in vitro and in vivo platelet-function studies.     

小切口联合粘贴式负压冲吸器在直肠肛管周围脓肿治疗中的应用

目的探讨小切口联合粘贴式负压冲吸器治疗直肠肛管周围脓肿的效果。方法将我科2007年2月至2010年9月收治的362例直肠肛管周围脓肿患者随机分两组,183例（实验组）采用小切17联合粘贴式负压冲吸器治疗,179例（对照组）采用切开引流治疗,对比两种方法治疗效果。结果两组在治愈率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但实验组缩短手术时间及住院时间,缩小手术切口长度,并降低术后疼痛评分,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论在直肠肛管周同脓肿治疗中,小切口联合粘贴式负压冲吸器具有手术时间及住院时间短、创伤小、术后疼痛轻的特点,具有较高的临床应用价值。