On the Limitations of Therapy Manuals

While the benefits of training manuals can hardly be questioned, they are exceedingly limited in reducing variability attributed to the "therapist factor." We propose that manuals provide a useful outline of the general principles of a therapeutic approach, but can only reduce therapist variability at the expense of other essential therapeutic phenomena. Manuals cannot adequately convey, for example, how the effective therapist functions as a model of adult living and as a person who provides guidance. We suggest that such an experience cannot readily be packaged in manualized form, though manuals may serve as a useful beginning. Recommendations for therapist manualized training include greater attention to the subtleties of human relationships and adequately conveying that any technique is effective only when catalysed by a living, relational process.     

肿瘤坏死因子β基因多态性在中国汉族SLE病人中的分布特点及与不同人种的比较研究

目的 :探讨中国江苏地区汉族人群TNFβ基因多态性在SLE病人中分布特点 ,并与不同人种进行比较研究。 方法 :收集江苏地区 16 8名无血缘关系健康个体及 6 6例SLE病人的静脉血提取DNA ,应用聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态性(PCR RFLP) ,分析TNFβ基因的多态性。 结果 :中国汉族SLE病人与白种SLE病人TNFβ基因频率差异无统计学意义 ;中国汉族健康个体TNFβ 1等位基因频率明显高于白种健康个体 ;SLE病人TNFβ 2基因频率较正常人明显升高 (SLE病人 6 7 4% ,正常人 5 5 1% ,P <0 0 5 ,R =1 6 8) ;中国汉族SLE病人与白种SLE病人TNFβ基因频率差异无统计学意义。 结论 :TNFβ等位基因频率在正常人分布具有种族差异 ,但在SLE病人分布无种族差异。     

Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer在基因差异表达研究中的应用

目的观察Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer 芯片分析系统(以下简称Bioanalyzer)在基因差异表达研究中的应用。方法应用限制性显示技术分别从正常和热休克处理后的酿酒酵母细胞中分离出cDNA片段,然后再用Bioanalyzer和传统的琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术对RD-PCR产物进行检测分析。结果Bioanalyzer能更快速、敏感地分离和显示差异表达的基因片段,并且通过对差异片段进行定量比较,发现了数个表达有明显差异的基因片段。结论Bioanalyzer在基因差异表达研究中具有重要的应用价值。     

Saccadic reaction times in acute and remitted schizophrenics

Summary Schizophrenics are known to have various disturbances of the visuomotor system. Whereas smooth pursuit eye movement disorders have been repeatedly confirmed, there are relatively few reports regarding possible disturbances of the saccadic system. In this study, the saccadic reaction times of 47 schizophrenic inpatients were investigated upon admission and later in the remitted state; 28 age- and sex-matched normal volunteers were tested as controls. Psychopathology and outcome were evaluated according to the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Prognostic Scale. Light stimuli were presented at random direction, location (ranging from 0° to 20°) and duration (800, 1000, and 1200 ms). The eye movements were recorded by electro-oculography. Compared with the control group, schizophrenics revealed prolonged saccadic reaction times, which correlated with pronounced negative symptoms and an unfavourable course of the illness. The saccadic reaction times remained prolonged in schizophrenic patients. These findings suggest attentional deficits in schizophrenics.This article was presented in part at the Symposium on Eye Movements and Psychopathology, Berlin, 23–24 June 1988     

肝癌患者HBV血清学标志和HBV-DNA的关系

目的 为了探讨肝癌患血清中HBV标志物与HBV－DNA之间的相关性。方法 运用酶联免疫吸附试验和聚合酶链式反应同时检测血清中HBV标志物和HBV－DNA。结果 在427例肝癌患的血清中，HBV－M（＋）为74．0％，HBV－DNA（＋）为44．0％，与正常对照组差异非常显。结论 乙型肝炎病毒的感染与复制仍是肝癌的主要致病因素。     

一种简单、稳定、可靠的屏氧酶1基因多态性分析法

目的：建立一种简单、稳定、可靠的PON1基因多态性分析法。方法：取外周静脉血100μl，用ROSE法提取基因组DNA，用两对引物：P192F 5′-TAT TGT TGC TGT GGG ACC TGA G-3′,P192R 5′-CAC GCT AAA CCC AAA TAC ATC TC-3′；P55F 5′-GAA GAG TGA TGT ATA GCC CCA G-3′,P55R 5′-TTT AAT CCA GAG CTA ATG AAA GCC-3分别进行PCR扩增，用限制性内切酶AlwI,NlaⅢ对两种PCR产物分别进行酶切，3％琼脂糖凝胶电泳。结果：扩增的两个PCR产物在192、55多态性位点大小分别为99bp、170bp。Alw I酶切后，凝胶电脉得到完全酶切（66bp,33bp)，部分酶切（99bp、66bp、33bp)，未被酶切（99bp)三种类型DNA片段（RR，QR，QQ基因型）；NlaⅢ酶切后，凝胶电脉得到部分酶切（170bp,126bp,44bp)，未被酶切（170bp)两种类型DNA片段（LM，LL基因型）。经双盲重复检测，结果一致。应用此方法对胃癌患者血样标本检测，发现其PON1基因多态性在192位点频率较高。结论：采用一步PCR－RFLP技术可以建立简单、稳定、可靠的PON1基因多态性分析法。     

抗大肠癌噬菌体人单链抗体的初步鉴定及序列分析

目的 :对抗大肠癌细胞的单克隆噬菌体单链抗体进行初步鉴定和测序分析。方法 :采用细胞ELISA ,免疫组化 ,DNA序列测定和计算机分析方法 ,对 5个单克隆噬菌体抗体 (CH2 73,CH2 0 5 ,CH2 0 9,CHA12 ,CH72 3)进行初步鉴定和序列分析。结果 :5个抗体均对人大肠癌细胞、人胚肾上皮细胞和其它某些人肿瘤细胞反应 ,也与人正常肝细胞有弱阳性反应 ,但不与鼠源性的癌细胞和正常细胞反应。细胞免疫组化进一步证实了ELISA结果的正确性。大肠癌免疫组化对大肠癌组织有特异性的结合反应 ,而不与正常大肠组织反应。测序结果为CH2 73ScFv全长 732bp ;V ,D ,J分别属于VH3 30 D1 2 6 JH3 linker V1 13 JL2 ,GenBank序号为AY0 2 8777和AY0 2 8996 ;CH2 0 5全长 36 6bp ,V ,D ,J分别VH1 4 6 D6 13 JH3,GenBank序号为AF35 936 5 ;CH2 0 9,CHA12和CH72 3的ScFv基因完全相同 ,全长 72 3bp ,其VH DH JH与CH2 73ScFv基因中的VH DH JH 完全一致 ,V ,D ,J分别属于VH3 30 D1 2 6 JH3 linker L2 Jκ2 ,GenBank序号为AF36 3774。结论 :噬菌体抗体具有结合人大肠癌组织和细胞的活性 ,为进一步开发临床应用人源抗肿瘤抗体和小分子抗体片段奠定基础     

Increased occurrence of free immunoglobulin light chains in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection

The presence of free immunoglobulin light chains (FLCs) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and sera of patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection, multiple sclerosis (MS), and neurologically healthy control individuals was investigated by paying special attention to ensure that only truly free light chains would be detected. The FLCs were extracted by specifically binding them to Sepharose-coupled anti-FLC monoclonal antibodies, and thereafter they were electrophoresed and immunoblotted with monoclonal antibodies to both light chain (LC) isotypes. A frequent occurrence of kappa and lambda FLCs was found in both CSF and sera of HIV-1 infected patients. In HIV-1 infection and in MS, the frequency of FLCs of the CSF was equal. In healthy controls, only occasional weak FLCs were observed in either CSF or serum. FLC bands of the CSF from patients with HIV-1 infection tended to be more intensive than those of the appropriately diluted sera. Both intrathecal synthesis of FLCs and their transudation from sera through the impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) may contribute to this. Increasing severity of general HIV-1 infection was accompanied by an increase of FLC intensity in sera. A qualitative demonstration of FLC in the CSF may be meaningful only in the absence of altered BBB function.