创伤感染中的医源性问题

创伤感染往往是多发伤病人后期死亡的重要原因。导致创伤感染的原因多而复杂，其中医源性问题占据重要位置。医源性问题经常出现，诸如急救复苏的延迟、不彻底及各种管道造口的建立与管理；预防性抗菌药物的滥用、不规范使用；清创的操作不当、大肢体截肢的延迟及对内源性感染的忽视等，避免或减少创伤处理中的医源性问题是降低创伤感染率和后期死亡率的核心环节。     

济宁市6～16岁儿童行为问题及其影响因素的调查

目的:了解济宁市6～16岁儿童存在的行为问题及其影响因素。方法:应用分层整群抽样调查的方法,利用Achenbach儿童行为量表对济宁市2350名中小学学生家长进行调查。结果:检出存在行为问题250名,总检出率为10.6%;男女儿童行为问题检出率分别为10.7%、10.6%,性别比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.001,P>0.05);不同年龄行为问题检出率比较,差异具有统计学意义(χ2=54.97,P<0.05),11岁和16岁是儿童行为问题发生的两个高发阶段;行为问题高发于小学、初中面临毕业升学的阶段;行为问题的发生主要与父母对子女的了解程度、母亲文化程度、父母管教方法、家庭生活事件等因素有关。结论:儿童行为问题是由家庭、学校、社会等多方面原因所致,要减少儿童行为问题的发生,应针对儿童行为问题现状入手,制定相应的预防和干预措施。     

传染病疫情报告工作存在的问题及对策探讨

目的为提高疫情报告的及时性与准确性,为做好疫情预防控制工作提供依据。方法分析日常传染病疫情报告工作存在的问题以及造成这些问题的原因。结果由于疫情报告管理方法不当,疫情迟报、漏报现象屡有发生。结论应对传染病疫情报告质量进行定期评估,分析影响报告质量的关键因素,从而更好地指导今后的疫情报告工作。     

A review of paediatric vision screening protocols and guidelines

Vision screening plays an important role in the early detection of children who have or probably are predisposed to have specific visual problems. The validity and reliability of the screening batteries in relation to the age group to be screened, and the person administering the test as well as the referral and follow-up criteria contribute to the overall outcome of the vision screening. Despite the long history of vision screening and significant improvement in the development of screening protocols, no agreement exists concerning the age at which children should be screened, the exact test batteries that should be included and who should conduct the screening. This review highlights some important aspects of the history of paediatric vision screening and available evidence in support of their use to detect visual conditions in children. It also examines some of the barriers against the development of paediatric vision screening models especially in low and medium income countries.     

Trajectories of sleep problems from adolescence to adulthood. Linking two population-based studies from Norway

Study objectiveThe aim of the study is to assess stability and predictors of insomnia and sleep duration from adolescence to early adulthood.MethodsA longitudinal sample of 1257 individuals from three age cohorts were assessed from linked population-based studies, the youth@hordaland study from 2012 (age 16–18) and the SHoT2018 study (age 22–25). Identical measures of insomnia symptoms and sleep duration were analysed.ResultsThe stability of insomnia was high from adolescence to young adulthood, 50% of those with insomnia symptoms in adolescence still had insomnia symptoms six years later (adjusted IRR = 2.01; (CI 95%; 1.5–2.44)). Short sleep duration was also stable, with 67.8% of the adolescents in the lowest sleep duration quartile still remaining in the lowest quartile six years later. The overall rate of insomnia symptoms, long wake after sleep onset (WASO), and oversleeping increased from adolescence to young adulthood. Also, we observed a reduction in sleep efficiency and later rise times. There was no significant change in sleep onset latency (SOL).ConclusionInsomnia symptoms and short sleep duration are prevalent during both adolescence and young adulthood. Considerable individual stability and a rising rate of insomnia symptoms were observed over time. These findings underscore the importance of early identification and timely interventions to prevent chronic sleep problems.     

A General Improvement in the WENO-Z-Type Schemes

A new type of finite volume WENO schemes for hyperbolic problems was devised in [33] by introducing the order-preserving (OP) criterion. In this continuing work, we extend the OP criterion to the WENO-Z-type schemes. We firstly rewrite the formulas of the Z-type weights in a uniform form from a mapping perspective inspired by extensive numerical observations. Accordingly, we build the concept of the locally order-preserving (LOP) mapping which is an extension of the order-preserving (OP) mapping and the resultant improved WENO-Z-type schemes are denoted as LOP-GMWENO-X. There are four major advantages of the LOP-GMWENO-X schemes superior to the existing WENO-Z-type schemes. Firstly, the new schemes can amend the serious drawback of the existing WENO-Z-type schemes that most of them suffer from either producing severe spurious oscillations or failing to obtain high resolutions in long calculations of hyperbolic problems with discontinuities. Secondly, they can maintain considerably high resolutions on solving problems with high-order critical points at long output times. Thirdly, they can obtain evidently higher resolution in the region with high-frequency but smooth waves. Finally, they can significantly decrease the post-shock oscillations for simulations of some 2D problems with strong shock waves. Extensive benchmark examples are conducted to illustrate these advantages.