Teacher Evaluation of an Experiential Vegetable Education Program for Australian Primary Schools: Does Face-to-Face Training Add Value above Digital Training?

The teacher-led implementation of healthy eating programs in schools is cost-effective and potentially impactful. Teacher acceptability is important for uptake; however, process evaluations are scarce. This study evaluated the effect of two intensities of teacher training on the evaluation of a vegetable education program for Australian primary schools by teachers. The teachers (n = 65) who implemented the program as part of a cluster RCT (25 schools in two states, New South Wales and South Australia) received either low- (provision with materials and online training) or high (additional face-to-face (F2F) training)-intensity training prior to implementing a 5-week vegetable education program. They evaluated the acceptability of a digital training module and program by indicating the level of agreement with 15 and 18 statements, respectively, using 5-point Likert scales. The average item scores ranged from 3.0 to 4.2. All but one item, including student engagement, alignment to the curriculum and intent for reuse of the program, had a rounded average or median score of 4. The level of training intensity did not impact the teacher acceptability ratings. In conclusion, the teacher acceptability was good, and additional F2F training does not add value above the solely digital training of the teachers.     

The Effect of Medication Reconciliation via a Patient Portal on Medication Discrepancies: A Randomized Noninferiority Study

BackgroundMedication reconciliation has become standard care to prevent medication transfer errors. However, this process is time-consuming but could be more efficient when patients are engaged in medication reconciliation via a patient portal.ObjectivesTo explore whether medication reconciliation by the patient via a patient portal is noninferior to medication reconciliation by a pharmacy technician.Design (including intervention)Open randomized controlled noninferiority trial. Patients were randomized between medication reconciliation via a patient portal (intervention) or medication reconciliation by a pharmacy technician at the preoperative screening (usual care).Setting and ParticipantsPatients scheduled for elective surgery using at least 1 chronic medication were included.MeasuresThe primary endpoint was the number of medication discrepancies compared to the electronic nationwide medication record system (NMRS). For the secondary endpoint, time investment of the pharmacy technician for the medication reconciliation interview and patient satisfaction were studied. Noninferiority was analyzed with an independent t test, and the margin was set at 20%.ResultsA total of 499 patients were included. The patient portal group contained 241 patients; the usual care group contained 258 patients. The number of medication discrepancies was 2.6 ± 2.5 in the patient portal group and 2.8 ± 2.7 in the usual care group. This was not statistically different and within the predefined noninferiority margin. Patients were satisfied with the use of the patient portal tool. Also, the use of the portal can save on average 6.8 minutes per patient compared with usual care.Conclusions and ImplicationsMedication reconciliation using a patient portal is noninferior to medication reconciliation by a pharmacy technician with respect to medication discrepancies, and saves time in the medication reconciliation process. Future studies should focus on identifying patient characteristics for successful implementation of patient portal medication reconciliation.     

烟台市一起新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集疫情调查分析

目的 了解一起新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)聚集性疫情的传播特征和传播链,做好密切接触者的追踪和判定,为开展疫情防控提供参考。 方法 按照《新型冠状病毒肺炎防控方案(第四版)》开展现场流行病学调查,同时采集呼吸道标本开展新冠病毒核酸检测。 结果 该起聚集性疫情涉及病例12例,其中无症状感染者4例和确诊病例8例。确诊病例潜伏期一般为3~6 d,中位数5 d;发病至就诊的时间间隔为1~4 d,中位数为2 d。确诊病例8人中,普通型6人,重型2人。该起疫情出现了四代病例,其中一代病例1人、二代病例5人、三代病例2人、四代病例4人。 结论 此次聚集性疫情潜伏期和代际关系明确,确诊病例潜伏期和无症状感染者具有传染性。     

湖南省Y市L区一起聚集性新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情调查

目的 通过对L区一起新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)聚集性疫情的调查,为疫情防控提供科学依据。 方法 应用现场流行病学方法调查病例及其密切接触者,对流行病学调查资料和数据进行描述性分析;采用实时荧光RT-PCR技术对采集咽拭子标本进行新型冠状病毒核酸检测。 结果 本起聚焦性疫情一共发现1名确诊病例和4名无症状感染者,传染源为从湖北武汉返乡的A、B,两人均为无症状感染,确诊病例C与其同车、同餐接触后感染发病,D、E为共同生活接触后感染。 结论 新冠病毒传染力强,无症状感染者可成为传染源,需加强对无症状感染者的发现和管理。     

泸州市1起新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情流行病学调查分析

目的 通过对一起新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)聚集性疫情的流行病学调查分析,探索新冠肺炎的发病原因和传播途径,为制定疫情防控策略和措施提供依据。 方法 对泸州市一起新冠肺炎聚集性疫情的流行病学调查资料、实验室检测结果以及疫情处理情况进行描述性流行病学分析。 结果 本起聚集性疫情确诊病例9例,男性6名,女性3名,主要为具有亲戚关系的一个大家庭成员;年龄平均39岁,最大68岁,最小5岁;职业以农民为主(6 例,占66.7%),其次为待业及学生(2例,占22.2%)、工人(1 例,占11.1%);临床表现以发热、干咳、流涕为主,发热5例,占55.6%,咳嗽5例,占55.6%,以干咳为主,流涕4例,占44.4%。危重症病例1例,重症病例2例,轻症病例6例;病例1-2为指示病例,均为武汉同车返泸人员,其中病例2引起了除1号病例外的病例3-7的发病,病例8-9为病例7引起的三代病例。 结论 本起疫情为一起以家庭成员或亲友聚集引起的聚集性疫情,早期发现和规范隔离治疗传染源、加强宣传提高公众疫情防控相关认知、减少人群聚集是控制聚集性疫情的重要措施。     

湘潭市5起新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情调查分析

目的 对湘潭市5起新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)聚集性疫情开展流行病学调查,分析病例的感染来源,并探讨其传播模式,提出针对性预防控制建议。 方法 应用现场流行病学方法调查病例及其密切接触者,描述流行特征,采集患者鼻咽拭子,利用反转录聚合酶链式反应技术进行病毒核酸检测。 结果 截至2020年3月5日,湘潭市累计报告42例新冠肺炎病例(其中6例为无症状感染者),重症及危重症病例8例。涉及5起新冠肺炎聚集性疫情,共发病19人(包括无症状感染者),占总病例数45.24%;其中4起因武汉返湘潭(简称潭)人员引起,1起因本地病例引起;男性8例、女性11例,年龄为1岁3月～84岁;临床表现出现咳嗽症状比例最高(占70.59%),病例从发病到就诊隔离间隔时间在0～10 d之间,中位数为2 d,发病时已住院隔离观察的病例占比最高为42.11%(8/19),从就诊隔离到确诊的间隔时间在0～7 d 之间,中位数为2 d。 结论 新型冠状病毒具有极强的传染性和隐匿性,人员密集、聚餐/会、家庭内传播是聚集性疫情的高危因素,应做好重点场所、重点人群新冠肺炎疫情防控工作,减少聚集性疫情的发生。     

聊城市5起新型冠状病毒肺炎聚集性疫情流行病学分析

目的 分析新型冠状病毒肺炎(简称新冠肺炎)聚集性疫情的流行病学特征,为制定疫情防控策略和措施提供科学依据。 方法 于2020年1月24日—2月11日在聊城市应用现场流行病学方法调查5起新冠肺炎聚集性疫情所涉及的41例确诊病例及无症状感染者, 对相关标本采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法进行核酸检测。 结果 5起聚集性疫情的首发病例续发率为2.78%~50.00%,差异有统计学意义(χ²=21.57,P<0.01);家庭聚集性疫情涉及32例、10户家庭(族),公共场所聚集性疫情涉及16例、2个场所。一、二、三代病例分别有5、22、12例,传染率分别为100.00%、18.18%、0.00%。4例病例的潜伏期为5~10 d,中位数为7.5 d;聚集性疫情中存在潜伏期传播。有疫区旅行史或居住史者4例(9.76%),与潜伏期病例或确诊病例有密切接触、频繁交谈等有30例(73.17%),暴露于高浓度气溶胶4例(9.76%),未知感染来源3例(7.32%)。 结论 新冠病毒极易引起聚集性疫情,控制本地的聚集性疫情是防控工作的重点;新冠病毒可以通过高浓度气溶胶传播;病例在潜伏期具有感染性。     

Regulatory review time and pharmaceutical research and development

In the United States, all newly developed drugs undergo a lengthy review process conducted by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These regulatory delays have direct immediate costs for drug manufacturers and patients waiting for treatment. Under certain market conditions, regulatory delays may also affect future research and development (R&D) strategies of pharmaceutical companies. To estimate the magnitude of this effect, we match data on drugs in the development pipeline in 2006 to data that we collect on FDA review times for all drugs approved between 1999 and 2005. Employing a rich and novel set of controls that affect drug R&D decisions and, potentially, regulatory review lags, we find that on average, three additional months of delay result in one fewer drug in development in that drug category. Our results suggest that the length of the regulatory delay matters for pharmaceutical firms' R&D decisions and that the firms are likely unable to pass on these costs onto consumers.     

剑川鼠疫自然疫源地蚤类群落季节动态研究

运用最优分割法(Fisher算法),对剑川鼠疫自然疫源地蚤类群落季节动态进行了研究,分为5个时段,根据结构与功能统一的原理.指出该疫源地的最佳灭蚤时间是2月末3月初。同时指出。如果防制时期选择不当.反而会使有害蚤的功能显现出来。     

20世纪40年代我国的青霉素研制工作

我国于1941年秋开始研制青霉素,1944年9月5日研制成功,1947年初建立了第一座小型现代化青霉素工厂,并开始向工业化生产发展,40年代我国研制青霉素的工作,为我国青霉素工业化生产奠定了基础,在我国现代医药史上占有重要地位。