新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间急诊手术患者感染防控策略

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情期间,大型综合医院手术室在疫情管控、急症救治等方面发挥着重要作用。急诊手术患者由于病情紧急,有时甚至无法在手术前进行完整流行病学史的排查,这对手术室围术期感染防控是一项严峻的挑战。我们从疫情期间急诊手术开展的现状入手,通过术前评估、负压手术间运作、接诊流程防控、人员与特殊物资配备、术中与术后防控、人员培训等多方面探讨防控策略,为急诊患者的围术期感染防控提供解决方案,保护医患安全。     

高海拔地区老年肠梗阻围术期的处理

目的探讨高海拔地区老年肠梗阻患者的临床特点及围术期的处理方法。方法回顾性分析我院2000年3月—2011年5月收治的60岁以上46例老年肠梗阻患者的临床资料。结果老年肠梗阻患者46例中,手术治疗20例,非手术治疗26例,临床治愈42例,总治愈率91.3%,死亡4例,死亡率8.7%。结论根据高海拔地区老年患者的特点,全面评估患者术前状况,采取积极合理的治疗方法,重视围术期的处理,是提高高海拔地区老年肠梗阻治愈率的关键。     

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无论术前肝功能是否正常,普外科手术后的病人均可出现肝功能异常。围手术期对病情进行严密监测和及时发现肝功能异常,对避免术后肝损害有着至关重要的作用。对于术前肝功能正常的病人,应注意避免诱发肝功能异常的因素。对于术前即存在急慢性肝病的病人,术前需全面评价肝功能,围手术期采取改善凝血功能、营养状态及控制感染、腹水等措施;术中注意避免麻醉药物、感染及缺血等原因导致的肝功能损害;术后严密监测肝脏功能,避免一切加重肝损害的诱因。     

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目的分析原发性肝癌规则性肝切除和非规则性肝切除的围手术期因素,探讨原发性肝癌治疗中二者手术适应证。方法回顾性分析中国人民解放军空军总医院1990-2010年原发性肝癌中274例规则性肝切除术和586例非规则性肝切除术病人的临床资料。结果统计分析表明,规则性肝切除与非规则性肝切除相比,对术前病人肝功能状态要求更加严格,术中切除肝体积以及出血量、输血量均较非规则性肝切除组显著增多,手术时间延长,术后并发症发生率增加。但实施规则性肝切除术病人的肿瘤体积明显大于非规则性肝切除病人,切除肝段数目大于三段者所占比例亦显著高于非规则性肝切除组。结论对于<5cm的肝癌病人,采用非规则性肝切除保留更多功能性肝实质,可能更有利于病人术后恢复,减少相关并发症的发生。     

Assessment of elective patients

This article outlines an approach to preoperative assessment of patients presenting for elective surgery. The main focus is on assessment of patients with cardiovascular disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery, with regard to risk assessment, preoperative investigations and perioperative management of cardiovascular medications. Assessment of patients with common respiratory diseases, including obstructive sleep apnoea, is also discussed. The current utility of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in risk assessment and perioperative care planning is summarized. Finally, use of brain natriuretic peptide as a biomarker in risk stratification is considered.     

眶脂肪瓣转移矫正上睑凹陷的围术期护理

目的:探讨眶脂肪瓣转移矫正上睑凹陷的围术期护理方法。方法:选择2008年1月～2010年5月采用眶脂肪瓣转移术矫正上睑凹陷92例患者,围术期给予积极的心理疏导、合理的饮食指导、眼部护理,对患者的病情进行密切的观察,遵医嘱适时服用抗生素。结果:92例患者术后随访观察无眼部血肿及眼部神经损伤,上睑平整自然,外形改善明显。88例(95.65%)上睑完全修复。结论:开展眶脂肪瓣转移矫正上睑凹陷术的围手术期护理,在术前对患者进行有效的心理干预,做好皮肤的护理,术中防止眼部感染,术后做好患者心理护理、饮食护理、创面护理,同时积极预防各种并发症,可以提高手术的成功率,值得临床借鉴。     

The patient with neurological and psychological disorders

Neurological conditions may affect the brain, spinal cord or peripheral nerves. Some are life threatening and may be severely detrimental to quality of life and cause lifelong disability. The majority are long-term conditions and occur with greater frequency with advancing age. It is estimated that 8 million people in the UK are affected by a neurological condition. Patients with neurological disease are at increased risk of perioperative complications; several common themes emerge including problems with timing of medications, management of common co-morbid disease and increased incidence of healthcare acquired infection and venous thromboembolism.     

快速康复外科理念在老年髋部手术中的应用

目的探讨老年髋部骨折手术引入快速康复外科（fast-track surgery,FTS）理念的效果。方法2011年4月～2013年4月手术治疗86例老年髋部骨折患者,年龄63～94岁,行人工股骨头置换术17例,全髋关节置换术26例,髓内固定（PFN）12例,髓外固定（DHS）31例。围手术期应用FTS护理模式。结果本组手术时间35～123min,出血量110—359ml。所有患者术后顺利康复,平均住院时间12（8—26）d。术后16例（18．6％）出现并发症。随访77例,平均时间9（3—18）个月。骨折愈合时间平均为6（4—10）个月。术后基本恢复正常,可从事轻体力劳动者5例,生活能够自理者56例,因其他合并症需要护理者14例,因内科疾病死亡2例。结论FTS理念应用于老年髋部骨折手术的围术期护理,可使患者康复显著加快,明显提高患者的生活质量,值得在多学科中推广应用。     

Living donor versus deceased donor liver transplantation: a surgeon‐matched comparison of recipient morbidity and outcomes

Informed consent for living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) requires that patients are provided with accurate information on the relative benefits and risks of this procedure compared with deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT). There is strong evidence to suggest that LDLT facilitates timely transplantation to patients; however, information on the relative morbidity and death risks after LDLT as compared with DDLT is limited. A matched cohort comparison was performed matching recipients for age, MELD, date of transplant, gender, primary diagnosis, and recipient surgeon. A total of 145 LDLT were matched with 145 DDLT. LDLT had a higher overall rate of perioperative surgical complications (P = 0.009). Most of this difference was caused by a higher rate of biliary complications. However, the complications that occurred in the DDLT group tended to be more serious (P = 0.037), and these complications were strongly associated with graft loss in multivariate analysis. The 3‐ and 5‐year graft and patient survivals were similar. In conclusion, DDLT and LDLT have different complication profiles, but comparable hospital stays and survival rates. In areas of deceased donor organ shortages, LDLT offers an excellent alternative to DDLT because it facilitates access to a liver transplant without compromising short‐ or medium‐term recipient outcomes.