可乐定-氯胺酮硬膜外给药在剖宫产术的应用

目的观察剖宫产术中硬膜外并用氯胺酮和可乐定对产妇和新生儿的影响。方法80例择期剖宫产产妇,随机分为四组氯胺酮组(LK组);可乐定组(LC组);氯胺酮 可乐定组(LKC组);对照组(L组)。麻醉生效后,硬膜外腔给予氯胺酮0·6mg/kg和/或可乐定1μg/kg。术中常规监测SBP、DBP、ECG、HR和SpO2。每组于用药前(T0)、切皮时(T1)、胎儿娩出时(T2)及术毕(T3)对产妇进行疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)和镇静评分,并取产妇静脉血2ml、脐动静脉血各2ml,测定血浆肾上腺素(E)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、皮质醇(Cor)浓度。记录术中不良反应。胎儿娩出后1min和5min行Apgar评分。结果四组产妇SBP、DBP和SpO2在各时点差异均无显著意义;与L组相比,LC组与LKC组HR明显下降(P<0·05)。在T1、T2、T3时LK、LC和LKC组VAS均较L组明显降低(P<0·05),LKC组降低尤为明显(P<0·01);镇静评分均明显升高,LKC组升高更为明显(P<0·01)。在T1时L组和LK组产妇E、NE、Cor浓度较T0时均有明显升高(P<0·05),但在LC和LKC组升高不明显;在T2时各组E、NE、Cor浓度较T0时均有明显升高(P<0·05),但LKC组较其他组升高较少;在T3时L组E、NE、Cor浓度较T0时仍有明显升高(P<0·05),但LK组、LC和LKC组均有不同程度下降(P<0·05),LKC组下降尤其明显(P<0·01)。在脐动、静脉血,LK组、LC和LKC组E、NE、Cor浓度较L组均有降低(P<0·05),其中LKC组降低尤其明显(P<0·01)。四组新生儿出生后1min及5minApgar评分差异均无显著意义。L组有5例出现寒战,LK组有4例产妇出现兴奋多语。结论氯胺酮可乐定联合硬膜外给药,能更好地消除产妇术中疼痛,降低母婴的应激反应,减少二者单独应用时对母婴的不良影响。     

超声引导下乳腺穿刺组织冰冻切片检查的临床应用

目的 探讨对超声引导下穿刺的乳腺组织进行快速冰冻切片检查、以得到病理学诊断的可行性和临床应用价值。方法 使用BIOPINCE穿刺活检枪,超声引导下对31例乳腺疾病患者行病灶的组织穿刺,并即刻将获取标本行冰冻切片检查。结果 30例患者给出明确诊断,1例诊断不确定,诊断准确率为96.8％;自穿刺开始到得出病理学诊断,所需平均时间为56.3min。结论 超声引导下乳腺穿刺组织冰冻切片检查具有诊断准确率高,快捷,微创,无明显疤痕,患者乐意接受,且勿须增加新设备等优势,有临床应用价值。但应注意使用的适应证。     

产后出血48例临床分析

目的：探讨产后出血发生的病因及防治措施。方法：对2004—2005年48例产后出血的临床资料进行分析。结果：发病原因依次为：子宫收缩乏力、子宫颈撕裂伤、子宫切口的撕裂、胎盘因素。结论：针对出血主要原因，应采取快速、有效的止血方法，加强产程的观察及产前的预测，减少产后出血的发生率。     

不同分娩方式对早产儿影响的临床研究

目的：探讨妊娠小于34周早产分娩方式的选择。方法：妊娠小于34周早产患者126例分为剖宫产组67例和阴道分娩组59例，比较不同分娩方式对分娩结局的影响。结果：孕28—30＋6周时，阴道分娩组的新生儿死亡率明显高于剖宫产组（P〈0．05），其他两个孕周期间的两组新生儿死亡率比较无显著差异。阴道分娩组和剖宫产组的新生儿的死亡数随着出生体重的逐渐增加而不断减少，新生儿体重小于1500g时，两种分娩方式的死亡率之间比较存在显著性差异。结论：早产的主要原因是妊娠并发症，降低新生儿不良结局的根本措施还应延长孕龄，提高新生儿生存能力。     

连续切片加免疫组化染色法在乳腺癌微灶转移检测中的应用

目的：推荐一种检测恶性肿瘤微灶转移的方法。方法：应用连续切片的免疫组化法回顾研究50例乳腺癌的淋巴结微灶转移情况，将结果与常规病理切片法进行配对资料的卡方检验，并统计微灶转移率。结果：常规病理切片法的转移灶检出率为30％，连续切片的抗细胞角蛋白免疫组化法的转移灶检出率为50％，二者间差异有显著性。连续切片法发现的微灶转移率为28．5％。结论：对于肿瘤的微灶转移的发现，连续切片的的免疫组化法更有优势，它是一种敏感的检测微灶转移的方法。     

胎盘早期剥离31例临床分析

目的：探讨胎盘早期剥离(早剥)的发病因素、临床表现及治疗。方法：回顾性分析31例胎盘早剥的临床资料、治疗及预后。结果：胎盘早剥的发生率为0．8％，机械性因素17例(54．8％)，妊娠高血压综合征引起的13例(41．9％)，以中重度为主。临床症状主要以腹痛、阴道流血为多见，分别为64．5％、54．8％，但有部分病例仅表现胎动消失或胎死子宫内，术前确诊较困难。临床类型轻重比例相近，病理类型以隐性和混合性多见，分别为45．2％、51．6％。分娩方式以剖宫产为主(83．9％)，围生儿死亡率54．8％。结论：胎盘早剥的发病因素以机械性因素和中重度妊娠高血压综合征为多见，临床表现以腹痛、阴道流血多见，围生儿病死率高，应做好孕期保健工作，积极推行孕期健康教育。     

全程责任制助产的临床意义

目的:了解为产妇提供产时"全程责任制助产"的个性化服务,对产妇妊娠结局的影响,以及对提高产科护理质量的意义.方法:将114例住院分娩的初产妇随机分为"全程组"与常规待产组(对照组),"全程组"是指在导乐的基础上实行一名助产士专门为一名产妇提供全过程(宫口开大2cm至产后2h)的服务和指导.结果:"全程组"与对照组的产程时间、分娩方式、产后出血率,均有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:"全程"责任制助产有利于提高产科质量,护理满意度调查平均达98%,值得推广应用.     

End-to-side anastomosis of rat carotid artery: comparison of different types of section and shape of the terminal end

Summary In 50 rats, different types of end-to-side carotid artery anastomoses were compared. In one technique, a longitudinal split in the long axis of the vessel was performed to enhance the diameter of the anastomosis. This theoretical advantage was not confirmed in this series. The clamping time, anastomoses time, and tamponade time were increased significantly when compared with a simple, slightly oblique end-to-side anastomosis. This study highlighted that the most simple type of end-to-side anastomosis gave less bleeding, achieved a quicker water-tight anastomosis and decreased the risk of late problems.     

One-stage versus two-stage lymph node dissection after investigation of sentinel lymph node in cutaneous melanoma: a comparison of complications, costs, hospitalization times, and operation times

The aim of the study was to evaluate whether complication rate, costs, operation times, and hospitalization times differed in two different patient groups: in group 1, frozen section analysis of the sentinel lymph node and lymph node dissection were carried out in the same operation. In group 2, normal investigation of the sentinel lymph node and lymph node dissection were done in a second operation. One hundred thirty-five patients with cutaneous melanoma were included. Hospitalization times, costs, complication rates, and operation times of two-stage and one-stage lymph node dissection of the draining area after detection of metastases in the sentinel lymph node were retrospectively compared. Lymph node metastasis in the sentinel lymph node was found in 23 patients. In 11 patients, removal of the sentinel lymph node and dissection of the lymph node basin was performed in the same operation. In 12 patients, a two-stage procedure was the treatment of choice. Operation times were not different in the two groups (p=0.87) while two-stage operation patients were hospitalized significantly longer (14.2 ± 9.7 vs 23.9 ± 24 days; p=0.01) and costs were significantly higher (7,836.90 ± 2,397.95 Swiss francs vs 5,279.40 ± 1,994.90 Swiss francs). In addition, more complications were found in the two-stage group.     

不同治疗方法在急诊剖宫产恶心呕吐中的应用

目的观察不同治疗方法在急诊剖宫产术中恶心呕吐的应用。方法选择ASAI~II级104例急诊剖宫产手术患者,随机分为五组:指揉组(n=21)、恩丹西酮组(n=21)、甲氧氯普胺组(n=21)、氟哌利多组(n=21)和生理盐水组(n=20)。采用腰-硬联合阻滞麻醉,术毕实施术后镇痛(patient controlled epidural analge-sia,PCEA)。结果指揉组、恩丹西酮组与甲氧氯普胺组与氟哌利多组VAS评分基本相当,与生理盐水组比较(P>0.01),各实验组之间比较(P>0.05),表明指揉组、恩丹西酮组、甲氧氯普胺组和氟哌利多组疗效相同。结论指揉法在防治急诊剖宫产恶心呕吐中,简便易行,效果确切,副作用少,适用于术中轻度恶心呕吐;而甲氧氯普胺和恩丹西酮更适于程度较重的恶心呕吐;氟哌利多抗恶心呕吐的作用时间相对较长。