乌鲁木齐市高新区3~15岁在校生腮腺炎病毒抗体水平检测结果分析

目的 检测并分析乌鲁木齐市高新区3~15岁在校生腮腺炎病毒抗体水平,为腮腺炎预防控制工作提供科学依据。方法 采用整群抽样法抽取高新区六所学校3~15岁在校生共560人,采用酶联免疫法定性测定血清腮腺炎病毒抗体。结果 各年龄组腮腺炎病毒抗体总体阳性率为78.92%,7岁~和14~15岁年龄组阳性率最高均为90%,其余各组阳性率随年龄增加而降低,5岁~与12岁~达最低值;不同性别、民族腮腺炎病毒抗体阳性率无差异;常住户籍儿童抗体阳性率高于流动儿童,且抗体阳性率与接种剂次成正比。结论 高新区3~15岁在校生腮腺炎病毒抗体阳性率较低,为预防该疾病在本区爆发,各接种点应加强对流动儿童接种管理,提高适龄儿童含腮腺炎成分疫苗接种率,做好学前查验证及第二剂次加强工作。     

Systematic review of reporting rates of adverse events following immunization: An international comparison of post-marketing surveillance programs with reference to China

Background

China is the most populous country in the world, with an annual birth cohort of approximately 16 million, requiring an average of 500 million vaccine doses administered annually. In China, over 30 domestic and less than 10 overseas vaccine manufacturers supply over 60 licensed vaccine products, representing a growing vaccine market mainly due to recent additions to the national immunization schedule, but data on post-marketing surveillance for adverse events following immunization (AEFI) are sparse.

Objectives

To compare reporting rates for various categories of AEFI from China with other routine post-marketing surveillance programs internationally.

Methods

Systematic review of published studies reporting rates of AEFI by vaccine, category of reaction and age from post-marketing surveillance systems in English and Chinese languages.

Results

Overall AEFI reporting rates (all vaccines, all ages) in Chinese studies were consistent with those from similar international studies elsewhere, but there was substantial heterogeneity in regional reporting rates in China (range 2.3–37.8/100,000 doses). The highest AEFI reporting rates were for diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis whole-cell (DTwP) and acellular (DTaP) vaccines (range 3.3–181.1/100,000 doses for DTwP; range 3.5–92.6/100,000 doses for DTaP), with higher median rates for DTwP than DTaP, and higher than expected rates for DTaP vaccine. Similar higher rates for DTwP and DTaP containing vaccines, and relatively lower rates for vaccines against hepatitis B virus, poliovirus, and Japanese encephalitis virus were found in China and elsewhere in the world.

Conclusions

Overall AEFI reporting rates in China were consistent with similar post-marketing surveillance systems in other countries. Sources of regional heterogeneity in AEFI reporting rates, and their relationships to differing vaccine manufacturers versus differing surveillance practices, require further exploration.     

中医辨证护理对小儿流行性腮腺炎临床疗效的影响

目的:观察中医辨证护理对小儿流行性腮腺炎临床疗效的影响。方法:将采用中医辨证治疗及护理的流行性腮腺炎患儿56例设为研究组,同时将同期以西医方法治疗的56例患儿作为对照组,比较2组平均住院时间、治疗效果及并发症发生率。结果:研究组治愈46例,好转8例,总有效率为96.43%,对照组治愈33例,好转15例,总有效率为85.71%,研究组治愈率与总有效率均高于对照组,研究组患儿平均住院时间为(13.1±5.1)天,对照组为(17.3±8.3)天,研究组平均住院时间明显短于对照组,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组均无并发症发生。结论:中医辨证治疗与护理具有效果好,见效快、并发症少的优点,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

Completion and compliance of childhood vaccinations in the United States

BackgroundThe Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends routine childhood vaccination by age 2 years, yet evidence suggests that only 2% to 26% of children receive vaccine doses at age-appropriate times (compliance). The objective of this study was to estimate vaccine completion and compliance rates between birth and age 2 years using recent, nationally representative data.MethodsUsing a sample of children aged 24 to 35 months from the 2012 National Immunization Survey (NIS), the present study examined completion and compliance of recommended childhood vaccines. A state-specific examination of vaccine completion and compliance was also conducted.ResultsAn unweighted sample of 11,710 children (weighted to 4.1 million) was selected. Approximately 70% of children completed all doses of six recommended vaccines by 24 months of age. Completion rates varied by antigen, ranging from 68% completing two or three doses of rotavirus vaccine to 92% completing three doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine. Vaccine completion rates also varied at different measurement periods, with the lowest rates observed at 18 months. Approximately 26% of children received all doses of six recommended vaccines on time. Among the 74% of children who received at least one late dose, 39% had >7 months of undervaccination. Patterns of completion and compliance also varied by geographic region.ConclusionsCompletion of individual antigens approached Healthy People 2020 targets. However, overall completion of the recommended vaccine series and compliance with the recommended vaccination dosing schedule were low, indicating few children received vaccines at age-appropriate times. Additional clinical, policy, and educational interventions are needed to increase receipt of vaccines at optimal ages.     

Infertility treatment for azoospermic patients with a history of infectious parotitis (mumps) using combined techniques

Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical efficacy of in vitro maturation-intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVM-ICSI) technique on the treatment of azoospermic patients with a history of infectious parotitis (mumps). Methods: Spermatozoa were obtained from the testes of azoospermic patients with a history of mumps and fertilized by ICSI. Eggs were retrieved from the spouse of patients in the natural cycle. Fertilized embryos were transferred into the uterus of patients’ respective spouses. Results: Live sperm were retrieved from 16 of out of 24 (67%) azoospermic patients with a history of mumps. Using IVM-ICSI, the normal fertilization rate was 71.2%. A total of 23 treatment cycles were completed in the spouses of 16 patients and of these, 9 patients’ spouses became pregnant (a pregnancy rate of 39.1%). The success rate for infertility treatment of mumps patients was equally high at 56.3% (9/16). Conclusion: The IVM-ICSI technique is a simple, effective and economic method for infertility treatment in azoospermic patients with a history of mumps     

Reappraisal of MMR vaccines currently used in Korea

Background: Although MMR vaccine is widely used in Korea, there are limited studies on the currently used vaccines. We evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of MMR vaccines in Korean children. Methods: For first and second dose immunization, children aged 12–23 months and 4–6 years were enrolled. All subjects received a single dose of either Priorix? (Glaxo Smithkline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium) or MMRII® (Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA). Pre‐ and postvaccine sera were collected from all participants. Antibody levels were determined by ELISA (Enzygnost®; Dade Behring, Schwalbach, Germany). Safety monitoring included local adverse events for 5 days and systemic adverse events for 42 days following vaccination. Results: One hundred twenty‐one subjects were enrolled in the 12–23 months age group and 39 in the 4–6 years age group. The seroconversion rate in the 12–23 months age group was 97.9–100.0% for measles, 85.1–88.9% for mumps and 100.0% for rubella. All children 4–6 years of age previously seronegative showed seroconversion for measles, mumps and rubella. Local adverse events were reported in 8.3–16.1% (12–23 months age) and 27.8–31.6% (4–6 years age), and 40.0–48.2% (12–23 months age) and 42.1–61.1% (4–6 years age) experienced at least more than 1 systemic adverse reaction. No vaccine‐related serious adverse events were reported. Among the same age groups, there was no significant difference in adverse events between the two vaccines. Conclusion: The MMR vaccines are safe and show good immunogenic responses in children. These data will be invaluable when we introduce diverse vaccines in the following future.     

2004-2008年河南省商丘市流行性腮腺炎流行特征分析

目的了解河南省商丘市2004-2008年流行性腮腺炎(流腮)流行情况。方法利用描述流行病学分析方法,对商丘市2004-2008年法定传染病报告系统流腮疫情资料进行分析,并采用Excel软件及SPSS软件进行统计分析。结果2004-2008年商丘市共报告流腮3248例,年平均发病率为8.11/10万,病例集中在2～15岁,占94.83%。结论流腮发病以学生和幼托儿童为主,已经成为影响商丘市青少年儿童健康和学校正常教学秩序的公共卫生问题之一,需要引起相关部门的高度重视。     

Unique Tropism and Entry Mechanism of Mumps Virus

Mumps virus (MuV) is an important human pathogen that causes parotitis, orchitis, oophoritis, meningitis, encephalitis, and sensorineural hearing loss. Although mumps is a vaccine-preventable disease, sporadic outbreaks have occurred worldwide, even in highly vaccinated populations. MuV not only causes systemic infection but also has a unique tropism to glandular tissues and the central nervous system. In general, tropism can be defined by multiple factors in the viral life cycle, including its entry, interaction with host factors, and host-cell immune responses. Although the underlying mechanisms of MuV tropism remain to be fully understood, recent studies on virus–host interactions have provided insights into viral pathogenesis. This review was aimed at summarizing the entry process of MuV by focusing on the glycan receptors, particularly the recently identified receptors with a trisaccharide core motif, and their interactions with the viral attachment proteins. Here, we describe the receptor structures, their distribution in the human body, and the recently identified host factors for MuV and analyze their relationship with MuV tropism.     

Mumps virus infection in adults: three cases of supraglottic edema

Mumps virus infections primarily involve the parotid glands and most frequently affect school-aged children. We present three unusual adult cases of mumps with dyspnea secondary to severe swelling of the salivary glands and review previously reported cases in the literature. Dyspnea developed progressively after the onset of salivary gland swelling. Laryngoscopy revealed an advanced edematous change in the supraglottis obstructing the airway. In two cases, tracheotomy was needed because of rapid worsening of the supraglottic edema. Questioning regarding breathing problems and laryngoscopic examination is therefore recommended when one encounters a mumps case with combined parotid and salivary gland swelling.