质疑血清药理学,加强多层次半体内实验研究

质疑血清药理学的主要理由包括①从胃肠吸收的中药成分在体内是进入血浆,而不是血清;②凝血过程有一系列酶生成,同时刺激白细胞释放溶酶,这些酶可能降解某些中药成分;③凝血酶刺激血小板与白细胞释放大量生物活性物质;④凝血过程伴有纤溶、补体、激肽等系统活化;⑤制备与灭活血清过程会导致中药成分与中药介导体内释放物质损失。新近利用HPLCMS指纹图谱分析与抗白血病细胞增殖实验证明利用血清药理方法可能带来错误结论。建议加强中药多层次半体内实验研究,其中血浆药理方法可能避免血清药理方法的弊病。     

异黄酮活性成分对Aβ_(1-42)诱导的PC12细胞损伤的保护作用

目的探讨异黄酮活性成分对β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ1-42)诱导的PC12细胞损伤的保护作用。方法从大豆中提取纯化异黄酮活性成分,以Aβ1-42诱导PC12细胞损伤为细胞模型,采用细胞形态学方法、MTT法、LDH法观察不同剂量的异黄酮活性成分对PC12细胞损伤的保护作用。结果异黄酮活性成分能有效地改善PC12细胞的形态,提高细胞存活率(P<0.05),保护组LDH活性低于损伤组(P<0.05)。结论大豆异黄酮活性成分对Aβ1-42诱导的PC12细胞损伤具有显著的保护作用。     

中草药和天然植物有效成分提取新技术——微波协助萃取

中草药和天然植物有效成分的提取分离是天然药物生产过程中最为关键的环节之一。近年来 ,随着中药现代化进程的加速 ,越来越多的新技术正被逐步采用 ,其中 ,微波协助萃取 (microwave assistedextraction ,MAE)是在传统有机溶剂萃取的基础上发展而来的 ,无论是萃取速度、萃取效率还是萃取物质量均优于常规工艺 ,并以其投资少、设备简单、适用范围广、选择性高、重现性好、无污染等特点而受人瞩目。作者综述了MAE技术的作用原理、特点及其在黄酮类、苷类、多糖、萜类、挥发油等天然产物提取中的最新研究进展 ,并展望了其发展前景。     

中药有效成分防治阿尔茨海默病的药理研究进展

从中医药防治阿尔茨海默病 (AD)的药理研究出发 ,结合目前有关AD发病机制的神经递质代谢障碍、细胞凋亡、炎症反应等假说 ,查阅文献并行分析总结 ,发现中药有效成分如人参皂苷、蛇床子素、红景天素、(- )黄皮酰胺等防治AD的作用机制涉及各种途径 ,其中人参皂苷可对AD的多个病理环节起效 ,为筛选AD有效药物提供了一定的依据。     

Assessing the Consistency of Traditional Chinese Medicine with Multiple Correlative Active Components

The problem of controlling the quality of raw materials and/or final product of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been studied. Earlier proposed consistency index to assess the consistency of quality of raw materials and/or final product processed or manufactured from different locations or sites has only focused on a single (i.e., the most active) component assuming that the most active component can be quantitatively identified among multiple active components. In this paper, we extend such results to the case of two correlative components. Sampling plans (sample sizes) are obtained for various combinations of study parameters. An example concerning a TCM for treating patients with rheumatoid arthritis is presented to illustrate the use of the proposed method. Some concluding remarks are also provided.     

Improving evoked response audiometry

Normative studies were carried out with 8 adult subjects whose averaged evoked responses to auditory stimuli were scored visually and by a number of differently defined quantitative methods (machine scoring). In order to compare different scoring methods a common signal-to-noise ratio measure was introduced based on a model where noise is distributed normally and signal is additive. Visual and machine scoring proved to be approximately equally sensitive, but the latter lends itself to a superior testing procedure which takes only one-third as long for equivalent results and is not contaminated by subjective error. The authors believe that the greatest promise for improving evoked response audiometry lies in the exploration of the new techniques proposed earlier. Progress in proving out one of these techniques, fast periodic stimulation, is reported.     

Re-examining the relationship between audiometric profile and tinnitus pitch

Abstract

Objective: We explored the relationship between audiogram shape and tinnitus pitch to answer questions arising from neurophysiological models of tinnitus: ‘Is the dominant tinnitus pitch associated with the edge of hearing loss?’ and ‘Is such a relationship more robust in people with narrow tinnitus bandwidth or steep sloping hearing loss?’ Design: A broken-stick fitting objectively quantified slope, degree and edge of hearing loss up to 16 kHz. Tinnitus pitch was characterized up to 12 kHz. We used correlation and multiple regression analyses for examining relationships with many potentially predictive audiometric variables. Study Sample: 67 people with chronic bilateral tinnitus (43 men and 24 women, aged from 22 to 81 years). Results: In this ample of 67 subjects correlation failed to reveal any relationship between the tinnitus pitch and the edge frequency. The tinnitus pitch generally fell within the area of hearing loss. The pitch of the tinnitus in a subset of subjects with a narrow tinnitus bandwidth (n = 23) was associated with the audiometric edge. Conclusions: Our findings concerning subjects with narrow tinnitus bandwidth suggest that this can be used as an a priori inclusion criterion. A large group of such subjects should be tested to confirm these results.

Sumario

Objetivo: Exploramos la relación entre la forma del audiograma y el tono del acufeno para responder a preguntas provenientes de modelos neurofisiológicos del acúfeno: ‘Es el tono dominante del acúfeno asociado con el borde de la hipoacusia?’y ‘Será tal relación más robusta en personas con un acúfeno de banda angosta o con una hipoacusia de caída abrupta?’ Diseño: Una pendiente tipo “palo roto” objetivamente cuantificada, con severidad y borde de la hipoacusia hasta 16 kHz. El tono del acúfeno fue caracterizado hasta 12 kHz. Utilizamos un análisis de correlación y regresión múltiple para examinar la relación con muchas de las variables potencialmente predictivas. Muestra del estudio: 67 personas con acúfeno bilateral crónico (43 hombres y 24 mujeres con edades entre 22 y 81 años). Resultados: En esta amplia muestra de 67 sujetos, la correlación no demostró ninguna relación entre el acúfeno y el borde de la frecuencia. El tono del acúfeno generalmente cayó dentro del área de la hipoacusia. En un subgrupo de sujetos, que tenían un acúfeno de banda angosta (n=23), si hubo asociación con el borde audiométrico. Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos que corresponden a los sujetos con un acúfeno de banda angosta, sugieren que esto puede ser utilizado a priori como un criterio de inclusión. Un grupo grande de sujetos debe ser examinado para confirmar estos resultados.     

Components of variance

Components of variance have a long history and find application in all areas of scientific investigation. This review introduces components of variance and their importance firstly by examples on blood pressure, proteomic data, breath analysers and esophageal pH monitoring devices. We then present an intuitive geometric representation of analysis of variance and explain how the components of variance can be estimated from the analysis of variance table. We conclude by suggesting practice points for studies which incorporate components of variance, and recommend commonly used statistical software to undertake such analysis.     

红细胞膜免疫磁珠检测成分血中抗A/抗B的研究

目的比较应用红细胞膜免疫磁珠法及传统方法进行成分血中抗A/抗B效价检测之间的相关性。建立应用红细胞膜免疫磁珠检测血浆标本中高效价抗体的方法。方法采用新鲜细胞试管法、微柱凝胶法及红细胞膜免疫磁珠法进行血浆样本抗体效价检测。将试管法检测效价≥128的样本10倍、15倍、20倍稀释后,用红细胞膜免疫磁珠检测,测定其凝集强度。结果微柱凝胶法最敏感,其次为试管法,红细胞膜免疫磁珠法低于试管法1个滴度。将试管法检测效价≥128的待检样本15倍稀释后,用红细胞膜免疫磁珠检测,其凝集强度≥2+。结论红细胞膜免疫磁珠可做为标准红细胞抗原应用于抗体效价检测,将样本进行15倍稀释,若凝集强度≥2+,则可视其带有高效价抗体。     

The Mammallan Intervertebral Disc. Composition of the Nucleus Pulposus of Whales During Development and Aging

The composition of the nucleus from 25 intervertebral discs of sperm and fin whales of different fetal developmental stages and postnatal ages is reported. Early stages in the nucleus intrauterine life (one quarter to one half development) show drastic changes in the proportion of galactosamine and glucosamine. The collagen content of the dry fetal nucleus is higher than the hexosamine content in early stages although it rapidly decreases to a plateau in specimens of one half to full term development. Afterward, in the postnatal nucleus and during aging, the amount of hexosamine greater than that of collagen on a dry weight basis; furthermore, both remain invariant, although irregular changes in the proportion of galactosamine and glucosamine are observed.

The polysaccharides from the fetal tissue are more polydisperse and undersulfated than those isolated from postnatal specimens. The major polysaccharides of the whale nucleus are CS-4SO₄, CS-6SO₄, and KS. The fetal nucleus also contains CS. The distribution of CS-4SO₄ and CS-6SO₄ in the cartilage plates is the reverse of that observed in the nucleus pulposus. Characteristic of both anatomic structures is a decrease of CS during fetal development.

The proteoglycan fraction of the postnatal nucleus (PG-L) was found to contain polysaccharide peptides. Similar fractions from fetal specimens contained no polysaccharide peptides. The polydispersity of the proteoglycans in the fetal nucleus appears to be regulated by the amount of a cystine-containing proteoglycan fraction (Fraction F) sensitive to disulfide reducing reagents. Such a correlation was not observed in preparations from postnatal specimens.