p75NTR expression in rat urinary bladder sensory neurons and spinal cord with cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis

A role for nerve growth factor (NGF) in contributing to increased voiding frequency and altered sensation from the urinary bladder has been suggested. Previous studies have examined the expression and regulation of tyrosine kinase receptors (Trks) in micturition reflexes with urinary bladder inflammation. The present studies examine the expression and regulation of another receptor known to bind NGF, p75(NTR), after various durations of bladder inflammation induced by cyclophosphamide (CYP). CYP-induced cystitis increased (P < or = 0.001) p75(NTR) expression in the superficial lateral and medial dorsal horn in L1-L2 and L6-S1 spinal segments. The number of p75(NTR)-immunoreactive (-IR) cells in the lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) also increased (P < or = 0.05) with CYP-induced cystitis (acute, intermediate, and chronic). Quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reaction also demonstrated significant increases (P < or = 0.01) in p75(NTR) mRNA in DRG with intermediate and chronic CYP-induced cystitis. Retrograde dye-tracing techniques with Fastblue were used to identify presumptive bladder afferent cells in the lumbosacral DRG. In bladder afferent cells in DRG, p75(NTR)-IR was also increased (P < or = 0.01) with cystitis. In addition to increases in p75(NTR)-IR in DRG cell bodies, increases (P < or = 0.001) in pericellular (encircling DRG cells) p75(NTR)-IR in DRG also increased. Confocal analyses demonstrated that pericellular p75(NTR)-IR was not colocalized with the glial marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). These studies demonstrate that p75(NTR) expression in micturition reflexes is present constitutively and modified by bladder inflammation. The functional significance of p75(NTR) expression in micturition reflexes remains to be determined.     

Isolation and culture of different epidermal and dermal cell types from human scalp suitable for the development of a therapeutical cell spray

BACKGROUND: Previous studies demonstrated, that cultured epithelial autografts (CEA) can be isolated and skin cell sprays can be produced for application on different types of wounds. The purpose of the present study was to determine which cell types can be isolated from the human scalp and whether these cells can be used for spray transplantation. METHODS: Outer root sheath cells (ORS), keratinocytes, melanocytes, dermal papilla cells (DP), and dermal sheath cells (DSC) were isolated from human scalp tissue. Isolated cells were characterized, expanded and sprayed in an in vitro model. Growth behaviour, morphology and cell counts were compared with non-sprayed cells. RESULTS: With acceptable time, equipment and laboratory personnel a sufficient amount of keratinocytes, ORS, melanocytes, DP cells and DSC cells could be achieved. The cells are sufficient for application as a cell spray. Cells, positive for Integrin alpha6, Cytokeratin 19, CD73 and CD105 were identified within the cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Human scalp is suitable to gain epidermal and dermal cells for the development of therapeutic cell spray transplantation. Further studies have to determine, whether these cells can be combined to produce wound specific skin substitutes.     

Chordoma radicular metastasis following cerebrospinal fluid dissemination

INTRODUCTION: Chordoma metastases are usually found at advanced stages of the disease. The metastases occur generally in lung, bones, liver and lymph nodes. We report a rare case of radicular chordoma metastasis. CLINICAL CASE: A 59-year-old man, operated for a clival chordoma six years ago, was admitted for atypical S1 radiculopathy. The MRI showed lumbar intradural tumor compressing the cauda equina. Surgery was performed. RESULTS: After opening of the dura mater, the tumor was seen tightly attached to the nerve roots and was totally removed. The histological examination confirmed a metastasis of the known chordoma without local recurrence. CONCLUSION: Chordomas are slowly growing, aggressive malignancies. Mostly complete microsurgical resection reduces local and distant recurrences. Intradural metastases are rare and follow cerebrospinal fluid dissemination from tumor cells. These metastases must be actively cured to achieve longer survival and better quality of life.     

Central nervous system depressant activity of an ethyl acetate extract from Ipomoea stans roots

Ipomoea stans Cav., popularly known as "tumbavaqueros", is a plant widely used in Mexico for the treatment of epileptic seizures and nervous disorders. This work researched the action of the ethyl acetate extract from the root of I. stans (IS-EAE) on the central nervous system (CNS). The administration of IS-EAE (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg, i.p.) produced an anxiolytic effect in mice. This extract (20.0 and 40.0 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced spontaneous motor activity. 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mg/kg of IS-EAE protected mice against pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions and increased the hypnotic effect induced by pentobarbital. The administration of IS-EAE was able to increase the release of GABA in brain cortex of mice. These results suggest that IS-EAE possess anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects, and could have potential sedative effect, probably through a GABAergic system. The extract did not show antidepressant effects on mice exposed to forced swimming test.     

Protective role of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. root extract against Salmonella typhimurium-induced cytotoxicity in Int 407 cell line

The present investigation deals with the effect of the chloroform fraction composed of sterols and fatty acids isolated from Hemidesmus indicus root extract (CHI) on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium)-induced cytotoxicity in a human intestinal epithelial cell line (Int 407). The optimum dose was fixed as 100 microg/mL for CHI against S. typhimurium, which was quite safe for Int 407 cells as the CD(50) concentration (50% cell death) of CHI was determined to be 500 microg/mL in the Int 407 cell line. CHI-treated S. typhimurium were 10-fold less cytotoxic and 40% less adherent to host cells than wild-type. Treatment of CHI significantly abrogated the invasion ability to 10- to 15-fold in S. typhimurium. The cells infected with CHI-treated S. typhimurium had a comparable viability to uninfected cells in the epithelial cell detachment assay. Immunofluorescence showed the CHI-treated bacteria were unhealthy and shrunken rods in comparison with the wild-type bacteria; those were firmly attached and invaded to deceased and hypertrophoid Int 407 cells. Transmission electron micrographs of Int 407 cells infected with wild bacteria showed a coat of adherent and invaded bacteria completely occupying the cytoplasm with characteristic Salmonella-containing vacuoles (SCV). Both necrotic and apoptotic type of cell death were observed in cells infected with wild-type bacteria, whereas most of the cells infected with treated bacteria were normal in morphology and a few had invaded bacteria, but the typical proliferated SCV was not observed in cells infected with CHI-treated S. typhimurium. In summary, the sterols and fatty acids present in CHI may be capable of taming S. typhimurium by suppressing its cytotoxic activity in an intestinal epithelial cell line.     

补肾、益气中药对哮喘模型大鼠神经内分泌免疫网络若干指标的影响

目的 观察补肾（淫羊藿）和益气（黄芪）中药对哮喘反复发作模型大鼠神经内分泌免疫（neuroendocrino-immune,NEI）网络相关指标变化的影响.方法 将健康清洁级雄性挪威（Brown Norway,BN）大鼠120只,分为11组,采用Realtime-PCR法检测下丘脑促肾上腺激素释放激素（CRH）mRNA的表达;放免法检测血浆中促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）的含量;酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）检测血清白细胞介素-4（IL-4）,IL-6,干扰素-γ（IFN-γ）和皮质酮（CORT）的含量;采用HE染色法观察肺组织病理变化.结果 与正常对照组比较,哮喘反复发作3周模型大鼠下丘脑CRHmRNA表达和血浆ACTH无明显变化,血清CORT水平升高显著,IFN-γ无明显变化,前炎症因子IL-6、IL-4有上升趋势;与哮喘对照组比较,复方中、高剂量组和淫羊藿低、中剂量组下丘脑CRH mRNA的表达明显升高,淫羊藿中剂量组大鼠血清IFN-γ的浓度升高.黄芪低剂量组大鼠血清CORT的浓度升高,黄芪高剂量组血清IL-4和IL-6的浓度降低.结论 哮喘反复发作3周大鼠存在NEI网络若干指标的紊乱;补肾和益气中药可以增强下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质（hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal,HPA）轴的功能,还可以改变Th1和Th2型细胞因子的平衡,这些可能是其治疗哮喘反复发作的机制之一.     

混合技术根管预备的临床应用

目的：评价混合技术法对根管预备的临床疗效。方法：91颗患牙分为两组,实验组45颗牙85个根管,采用混合技术进行根管预备,对照组46颗牙92个根管,采用逐步后退技术预备根管,两组均采用冷侧压技术充填根管。X线片结合临床评价根管预备效果。结果：实验组根管未有锥度、流畅度差者,对照组有5根管锥度、流畅度差者（P〈0.05）;术后疼痛实验组少于对照组。结论：混合技术法进行根管预备可形成大锥度、流畅根管形态,减少术后疼痛,可视为临床根管预备的有效方法。     

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??An isthmus is defined as a narrow ribbon-shaped structure between two root canals that contains pulp tissues. It can be a bacterial reservoir which is difficult to prepare??shape and fill??which accounts for the failure of root canal therapy. In this paper??the root canal isthmus were reviewed.     

Diagnosis of cracked teeth using cone-beam computed tomography: literature review and clinical experience

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been widely used in diagnosis of vertical root fractures (VRFs) in recent years. According to the American Association of Endodontists (AAE) classification, there are five types of cracked teeth and VRF is one of them. Due to the variability and overlapping of the cracks and fractures, some narrow fractures on the roots of VRFs could not be detected by CBCT, and some wide cracks on the crown of cracked teeth could be detected by CBCT. In this review, we firstly discussed the value of CBCT in the diagnosis of the AAE five types of cracked teeth and presented CBCT manifestations of some typical cases. Secondly, we summarized the factors influencing the diagnosis of cracks/fractures using CBCT, namely, CBCT device-related factors, patient-related factors, and evaluator-related factors. The possible strategies to improve the diagnostic accuracy in the clinic practice are also discussed in this part. Finally, we compared the differences of root fractures with lateral canals and external root resorption on CBCT images.