北京市某社区3～6年级小学生视力不良影响因素分析

目的了解北京市某社区3～6年级小学生的视力状况及其影响因素,为学生视力不良的防治提供科学依据。方法采用问卷调查方式对北京市某社区内4所小学3～6年级的所有学生进行视力状况及其影响因素的调查,共获有效问卷722份。采用χ2检验和Logistic回归进行视力不良单因素和多因素分析。结果女生（55.7%）发生视力不良的危险性是男生（44.8%）的1.51倍、父母一方有近视、父母双方均近视的学生发生视力不良的危险性是父母视力正常的1.98和2.17倍;看书距离〈30 cm的学生发生视力不良的危险性是看书距离≥30 cm的1.89倍;每天使用电脑时间0.5～1 h的学生发生视力不良的危险性是使用电脑时间〈0.5 h的2.23倍;每周活动60 min不足5 d的学生发生视力不良的危险性是每周活动5 d及以上的1.49倍;偶尔感觉视物模糊和经常感觉视物模糊者视力不良的危险度分别是未感觉视物模糊者的1.92和4.74倍。结论视力不良的发生与遗传和环境因素有关。及早预防,注意用眼卫生,养成良好的视觉行为习惯,锻炼身体增强体质将有助于保护青少年视力。     

The knowledge desired by emergency medical service managers of their ambulance clinicians – A modified Delphi study

AimThe aim of the study was to identify the types of knowledge that Swedish Emergency Medical Service (EMS) managers considered desirable in their Ambulance Clinicians.BackgroundEmergency medical service managers are responsible for organisational tasking and in this are dependent on the knowledge possessed by their ambulance clinicians. It would therefore be of value to explore EMS managers’ approach to this knowledge.DesignA modified Delphi method in three rounds.MethodsIn total thirty-six EMS managers participated, and twenty-four finished all three rounds. They were encouraged to rate each sub-category, and the ten with the highest mean were interdependently ranked in the final round.ResultsFive categories and twenty-six sub-categories emerged in the first round, covering knowledge related to; contextual aspects, medical and holistic assessments, formal education and organisational issues. Eventually, the sub-category ‘Knowledge to assess the patient’s situation from a holistic perspective’ was the highest ranked, followed by ‘Medical knowledge to assess and care for different diseases’ and ‘Knowledge to be able to care for critically ill patients’.ConclusionsTaken together the knowledge areas address essentially medical care, contextual aspects and nursing. The boundaries between these can sometimes be seen as elusive, calling for ambulance clinicians to balance these areas of knowledge.     

某大学本科生避孕节育知识与生殖健康现状调查

目的了解某大学本科生避孕节育和生殖健康方面的知识、态度和行为紧急避孕节育的利用和需求情况,分析并提出相应解决措施。方法采用匿名自填问卷的方法对本科生进行调查。结果有89.30%的学生认为有必要了解避孕节育及生殖健康知识;有73.1%的大学生对西方流行的"性解放"观念持赞成或无所谓态度;有55.10%的学生认为选择避孕药具应最先考虑效果。结论高校应开设避孕节育教育和服务,教学内容为性行为相关的生理与心理,及避孕节育的实用方法。     

Immunosuppressive Treatment of Non-infectious Uveitis: History and Current Choices

Non-infectious uveitis is one of the leading causes of preventable blindness worldwide. Long-term immunosuppressive treatment is generally required to achieve durable control of inflammation in posterior and panuveitis. Although systemic corticosteroids have been the gold standard of immunosup- pressive treatment for uveitis since first introduced in 1950s, its side effects of long-term use often warrant an adjuvant treatment to reduce the dosage/duration of corticosteroids needed to maintain disease control. Conventional immunosuppressive drugs, classified into alkylating agent, antimetabolites and T cell inhibitors, have been widely used as corticosteroid-sparing agents, each with characteristic safety/tolerance profiles on different uveitis entities. Recently, biologic agents, which target specific molecules in immunopathogenesis of uveitis, have gained great interest as alternative treatments for refractory uveitis based on their favorable safety and effectiveness in a variety of uveitis entities. However, lack of large randomized controlled clinical trials, concerns about efficacy and safety of long-term usage, and economic burden are limiting the use of biologics in non-infectious uveitis. Local administration of immunosuppressive drugs (from corticosteroids to biologics) through intraocular drug delivery systems represent another direction for drug development and is now under intense investigation, but more evidences are needed to support their use as regular alternative treatments for uveitis. With the numerous choices belonging to different treatment modalities (conventional immunosuppressive agents, biologics and local drug delivery systems) on hand, the practice patterns have been reported to vary greatly from center to center. Factors influence uveitis specialists' choices of immunosuppressive agents may be complex and may include personal familiarity, treatment availability, safety/tolerability, effectiveness, patient compliance, cost concerns and suggestions from related specialists such as rheumatologists and pediatricians. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of each treatment modality on safety/tolerability and effectiveness, which are believed to be the two most important factors affecting treatment decision making.     

Medical student education: what it costs and how it is funded

The cost to Sydney University to educate a medical student in 2010 was obtained by dividing the total teaching costs by the number of students. This showed the annual cost to educate one medical student was $53 093. Sixty‐one per cent comprised salaries. Fifty‐three per cent is met by Commonwealth funding and the Higher Education Loan Programme. Fees from international medical students contributed a margin of only 2% towards total education costs. The shortfall of 45% is provided from other sources within the university. This cross‐subsidisation may not be sustainable.     

应届毕业医学生心理韧性现状及影响因素分析

目的:调查新冠肺炎疫情下应届毕业医学生的心理韧性现状,并分析其影响因素。方法:采用Conner-Davidson心理韧性量表,对湖北医药学院480名应届毕业医学生采用问卷方式进行调查,分析其影响因素。结果:应届毕业医学生的心理韧性总分为(53.54±11.56)分,处于中等水平。多元线回归分析显示:性别、生源地、家庭结构、职业生涯规划、人生目标是应届毕业生心理韧性的影响因素。结论:应届毕业医学生的心理韧性水平有待提升,学校应高度关注应届毕业医学生的心理韧性状况,针对性地进行干预和指导,避免负性情绪带来的不良影响。     

2018年上海市闵行区某镇中小学生裸眼视力及屈光发育状态分析

目的 了解上海市颛桥镇中小学生视力与屈光状况,为社区中小学生眼病防治提供科学依据。方法 运用描述性流行病学方法对2018年上海市颛桥镇6～16周岁中小学生视力与屈光状态资料进行统计分析。结果 2018年颛桥镇中小学生裸眼视力异常发生率为32.69%;屈光异常近视发生率为63.07%,远视发生率为1.40%,散光发生率为8.88%。9、11、12、13岁组男女生裸眼视力异常发生率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。2018年颛桥镇中小学生左右眼等效球镜(SE)值分别为(-0.70±1.75)、(-0.82±1.77),各年龄组右眼SE值低于左眼,除16岁组外,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。性别、年龄、父母近视状态、屈光状态是影响学生裸眼视力筛查异常的主要因素。结论 颛桥社区中小学生视力与屈光状态现状不容乐观。屈光异常以近视居多,且右眼近视程度高于左眼。应继续巩固中小学眼保健的宣教、常规视力检测和屈光状态筛查。     

从护理收费过低现象看我国综合医疗服务项目价格调整的必要性

我国护理服务价格一直处于较低水平,难以真正体现护理人员的劳务价值.同样,其他综合医疗服务项目的价格也不尽合理,不利于医疗机构的经济运行和发展.文章基于对上述现象的分析提出调整综合服务项目收费价格的一些建议.     

国内外心脏疾病医疗服务质量评估现状

心血管疾病作为全球主要死亡和致残原因,给医疗卫生系统带来了巨大负担.世界各国专家已对该类疾病开展了大量的研究,其中极为重要的一项是通过评价心血管病的医疗服务质量,帮助医院发现问题以及找到提高医疗服务水平的突破口.总结并讨论了国内外心脏病医疗服务质量评价的方法、目的、内容以及数据来源,为建立和完善中国的心血管疾病医疗服务质量评估体系提供借鉴.