The effect of retail cigarette pack displays on impulse purchase

AIMS: To assess the extent to which point-of purchase (POP) cigarette displays stimulate impulse purchases. DESIGN: Telephone-administered population survey. SETTING: Victoria, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 2996 adults, among whom 526 smoked factory-made cigarettes and 67 were recent quitters (quit in the past 12 months). MEASUREMENTS: Reported cigarette purchase behaviour; perceived effect on smoking of removing cigarettes from view in retail outlets; reported urges to buy cigarettes as a result of seeing the cigarette display. FINDINGS: When shopping for items other than cigarettes, 25.2% of smokers purchased cigarettes at least sometimes on impulse as a result of seeing the cigarette display. Thirty-eight per cent of smokers who had tried to quit in the past 12 months and 33.9% of recent quitters experienced an urge to buy cigarettes as a result of seeing the retail cigarette display. One in five smokers trying to quit and one in eight recent quitters avoided stores where they usually bought cigarettes in case they might be tempted to purchase them. Many smokers (31.4%) thought the removal of cigarette displays from stores would make it easier for them to quit. CONCLUSIONS: POP cigarette displays act as cues to smoke, even among those not explicitly intending to buy cigarettes, and those trying to avoid smoking. Effective POP marketing restrictions should encompass cigarette displays.     

Perceptions of Alcohol Advertising Vary Based on Psychological Characteristics

Background: The alcohol industry recognizes children and pregnant women as population sub-groups vulnerable to the effects of alcohol marketing. Research indicates that heavy alcohol users are also potentially vulnerable to alcohol marketing. The purpose of the current study is to determine if sub-groups defined by psychological characteristics should be classified as potentially vulnerable as well. Methods: College students (n?=?326) from two northeast schools were recruited to complete a survey containing questions on demographics, alcohol use, and psychological characteristics (alcohol expectancies, alcohol dependence, sensation seeking traits, and past delinquent behaviors). Additionally, after viewing each of five alcohol ads (4 television and 1 magazine), participants answered questions about their perceptions of alcohol consumption, responsible drinking, excessive drinking, and appeal of the ads. Main effects were assessed using hierarchical linear modeling, with adjustment for age, sex, race, ethnicity, and AUDIT score. Results: Alcohol expectancies (p?<?.001), particularly the social and physical pleasure and social expressiveness sub-scales, and sensation seeking traits (p?=?.002) were positively associated with alcohol ad appeal. Alcohol dependence symptoms, specifically impaired control and tolerance, were positively associated with perceptions of responsible drinking (p?=?.035), even though mean perceived number of drinks consumed met the definition of binge drinking. Conclusions: Individuals with positive alcohol expectancies, sensation seeking traits, and alcohol dependence may be vulnerable to alcohol advertising and marketing. Because alcohol advertising often contains content that can serve as a cue or reinforce to drink, specific regulations may be needed to prevent alcohol-related harm from occurring in these sub-populations.     

Unhealthy food,integrated marketing communication and power: a critical analysis

Public health advocates have repeatedly highlighted parallels between food marketing and childhood obesity. Yet existing literature has not explored the connection between the promotion of unhealthy foods and beverages, certain characteristics of integrated marketing communication (IMC) and the power of multinational food and beverage companies. This is problematic because IMC represents the dominant marketing paradigm in use today. This article draws on critical theory and literature from across public health, marketing, business and related fields. By focusing on macro-level antecedents and interactions, this discussion highlights a previously unarticulated dimension of the promotion of unhealthy foods and beverages to children and adolescents. In doing so, this discussion aims to generate greater recognition of the broader environmental circumstances and processes that surround food marketing tactics and their consequences for public health nutrition. This perspective will also contribute to an expanded understanding of unhealthy food marketing and its unintended consequences, among an audience of nutrition, public health and policy communities.     

Intervention effects from a social marketing campaign to promote HPV vaccination in preteen boys

Objectives

Adoption of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in the US has been slow. In 2011, HPV vaccination of boys was recommended by CDC for routine use at ages 11–12. We conducted and evaluated a social marketing intervention with parents and providers to stimulate HPV vaccination among preteen boys.

Methods

We targeted parents and providers of 9–13 year old boys in a 13 county NC region. The 3-month intervention included distribution of HPV vaccination posters and brochures to all county health departments plus 194 enrolled providers; two radio PSAs; and an online CME training. A Cox proportional hazards model was fit using NC immunization registry data to examine whether vaccination rates in 9–13 year old boys increased during the intervention period in targeted counties compared to control counties (n = 15) with similar demographics. To compare with other adolescent vaccines, similar models were fit for HPV vaccination in girls and meningococcal and Tdap vaccination of boys in the same age range. Moderating effects of age, race, and Vaccines for Children (VFC) eligibility on the intervention were considered.

Results

The Cox model showed an intervention effect (β = 0.29, HR = 1.34, p = .0024), indicating that during the intervention the probability of vaccination increased by 34% in the intervention counties relative to the control counties. Comparisons with HPV vaccination in girls and Tdap and meningococcal vaccination in boys suggest a unique boost for HPV vaccination in boys during the intervention. Model covariates of age, race and VFC eligibility were all significantly associated with vaccination rates (p < .0001 for all). HPV vaccination rates were highest in the 11–12 year old boys. Overall, three of every four clinic visits for Tdap and meningococcal vaccines for preteen boys were missed opportunities to administer HPV vaccination simultaneously.

Conclusions

Social marketing techniques can encourage parents and health care providers to vaccinate preteen boys against HPV.     

Air medical referring customer satisfaction: a valuable insight

INTRODUCTION: To remain competitive and survive, air medical programs must have a mechanism for obtaining customer feedback, especially when alternate transport options are available. The goal of this survey was to examine the air medical service's performance as perceived by customers requesting the transport. METHODS: Surveys were mailed to 400 referring customers who had contact with the flight crew during the transition of patient care. The survey consisted of 16 statements evaluating the service by using a 4-point Likert scale, three demographic questions, one statement evaluating overall satisfaction, and two open-ended questions for comments or suggestions. RESULTS: Two hundred forty-four surveys were returned for a 61% responses rate. Results indicated referring customers are satisfied with the service provided Written comments and suggestions were divided into two categories, positive comments and suggestions for improvement. Three common themes were identified within the suggestions for improvement: crew rapport, communications, and operations. Suggested improvements were evaluated, and selected strategies were incorporated into program operation. CONCLUSION: Customer feedback furnishes valuable insight into their needs and perception of a service. Comments and suggestions for improvement can promote critical inquiry into service operation and provide a catalyst for improvement.     

基于ADR报告数据的MAH生产线风险预警系统的研发与应用

目的:为药品上市许可持有人(MAH)有效利用药品不良反应(ADR)报告数据,对生产质量风险进行主动监测与控制、开展药品生产风险管理提供技术方法。方法:通过建立三维风险矩阵、风险趋势模型,设计研发了基于ADR报告数据的MAH生产线风险预警系统,并根据某企业的ADR报告数据对系统的主要功能进行实例应用分析。结果:初步建立了MAH生产线风险预警系统,其主要框架包括数据来源与处理、模型构建(三维矩阵模型包括可能性指标、严重程度指标和敏感性指标等3个维度,风险趋势模型则根据产品生产批号编制原则设置)、结果输出与分析等三大模块,主要包含系统配置、生产线信号检测、可视化统计预警、ADR报告管理、标准数据管理等五大功能模块。通过某企业ADR报告数据的应用分析显示,该系统可实现对其生产线风险及时、主动地检测及预警,能较直观地反映其高风险生产线、品种及批号,与该企业品种的实际安全性情况相吻合。结论:该系统可帮助MAH利用ADR报告数据及时、主动地监测药品生产质量风险,排查高风险生产线、高风险品种、高风险批号的风险因素,辅助决策风险排查方向。     

海南省药品上市许可持有人药物警戒体系现状分析及讨论

目的:分析海南省药品上市许可持有人药物警戒体系建设现状,为提高药物警戒工作效率提供参考。方法:采用回顾分析法及文献分析法,结合监测网络数据、文献研究、海南省上市许可持有人首次提交的2019年药物警戒年度报告等结果以及当前法律法规要求,对我省药物警戒体系建设现状进行分析。结果:76个上市许可持有人中,有3个尚未设置药物警戒专门机构,9.6%的上市许可持有人未配备专职人员;36.8%的上市许可持有人未建立与医疗机构沟通途径,2019年上市许可持有人自主收集药品不良反应报告数量仅占总体1.2%;无相应配套指南规范药物警戒工作。结论:采取强化法律体系保障、完善上市许可持有人中药物警戒机构设置、注重药品风险信息收集等一系列有效措施,进一步推动药物警戒制度落地实施。     

Convenience Store Access and E-cigarette Advertising Exposure Is Associated With Future E-cigarette Initiation Among Tobacco-Naïve Youth in the PATH Study (2013–2016)

PurposeThe association between e-cigarette marketing exposure and youth e-cigarette initiation is not well understood. This study examines whether convenience store access, exposure to retail e-cigarette marketing, and having a favorite e-cigarette ad before e-cigarette use is associated with susceptibility to use and future e-cigarette initiation in a national longitudinal study of youth.MethodsA nationally representative longitudinal cohort of youth in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study (12–17 years) was followed up over three waves of annual data collection (2013–2016). Tobacco-naïve (wave 1) and e-cigarette-naïve (wave 2) youth (n = 6,470) were included. Marketing exposure at wave 2 was examined in association with e-cigarette susceptibility (wave 2) and e-cigarette initiation (wave 3) using adjusted logistic regression models. Analysis occurred in 2019.ResultsYouth visiting convenience stores at least weekly (vs. never) had 1.51 times the odds of e-cigarette susceptibility (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25, 1.81) and 1.79 times the odds of e-cigarette initiation (95% CI: 1.29, 2.48). Noticing a retail e-cigarette ad (vs. not noticing) was associated with e-cigarette susceptibility (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.36, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.57), but not initiation. Youth reporting a favorite branded e-cigarette ad had greater odds of both susceptibility (AOR 1.31, 95% CI, 1.10, 1.56) and e-cigarette initiation (AOR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.17) compared to youth without a favorite ad.ConclusionsTobacco-naïve youth with frequent convenience store access and exposure to e-cigarette marketing were at greater risk of e-cigarette susceptibility and progression to e-cigarette initiation over a 2-year period. Policies to restrict retailer locations and e-cigarette marketing could enhance youth e-cigarette use prevention efforts.