Skin cancer prevention in Australia

Australia has one of the highest skin cancer incidence and mortality rates in the world. The reason for these high rates is due in part to the high ambient UV radiation levels, combined with a predominantly susceptible fair-skinned population. To address this problem, since 1980 Australians have been exposed to social marketing campaigns to raise awareness of skin cancer prevention. These campaigns have used mass media alongside interventions in schools, workplaces, and in community and leisure settings to motivate sun protective behaviour. As a result of these interventions it can be demonstrated that social marketing campaigns can be a very effective method to not only motivate behaviour change, reduce sunburn, and increase awareness but more importantly, reduce melanoma rates and bring positive economic returns to government. However long term investment in this area is required otherwise any population gains in behaviour are very likely to be quickly eroded.     

服务营销理念在无偿献血中应用的效果评价

目的探讨服务营销理念在无偿献血中的应用方法及效果。方法将服务营销的理念引入无偿献血护理工作中，包括无偿献血的宣传招募、献血全过程护理、献血后回访等方面，创新和优化献血服务。观察应用此理念后2006年1-10月无偿献血者献血反应发生情况、固定献血者人数以及一次性献血400m1人数，并与2005年同期进行比较，观察服务营销理念应用的效果。结果在无偿献血护理中引入服务营销理念后献血反应发生率由开展前的1．798％下降至0．499％；一次性献血400ml人数占献血者比例由14．878％增加至57．055％；固定献血者比例由3．448％增加到10．758％：两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论将服务营销的基本原理和方法运用于无偿献血护理工作中，可减少献血反应的发生率和降低献血反应的严重程度，并提高一次性献血400ml的人数，稳定和扩大固定无偿献血者队伍。     

Clinical Characteristics,Treatment, and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Scoping Review

A growing number of studies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are becoming available, but a synthesis of available data focusing on the critically ill population has not been conducted. We performed a scoping review to synthesize clinical characteristics, treatment, and clinical outcomes among critically ill patients with COVID-19. Between January 1, 2020, and May 15, 2020, we identified high-quality clinical studies describing critically ill patients with a sample size of greater than 20 patients by performing daily searches of the World Health Organization and LitCovid databases on COVID-19. Two reviewers independently reviewed all abstracts (2785 unique articles), full text (218 articles), and abstracted data (92 studies). The 92 studies included 61 from Asia, 16 from Europe, 10 from North and South America, and 5 multinational studies. Notable similarities among critically ill populations across all regions included a higher proportion of older males infected and with severe illness, high frequency of comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease), abnormal chest imaging findings, and death secondary to respiratory failure. Differences in regions included newly identified complications (eg, pulmonary embolism) and epidemiological risk factors (eg, obesity), less chest computed tomography performed, and increased use of invasive mechanical ventilation (70% to 100% vs 15% to 47% of intensive care unit patients) in Europe and the United States compared with Asia. Future research directions should include proof-of-mechanism studies to better understand organ injuries and large-scale collaborative clinical studies to evaluate the efficacy and safety of antivirals, antibiotics, interleukin 6 receptor blockers, and interferon. The current established predictive models require further verification in other regions outside China.     

The impact of pharmaceutical marketing on market access,treatment coverage,pricing, and social welfare

Pharmaceutical spending in the United States, Canada, and the EU is growing. Public payers cover a large portion of these costs and have responded by instituting various pricing and access policies to limit their expenditure. One challenge that public payers face is additional demand induced by a manufacturer's marketing effort. We use a game theoretic approach to study the impact of pharmaceutical marketing on six practical pricing and access policies: negotiated pricing, open pricing, controlled pricing, a listing process, a risk‐sharing arrangement, and a value‐based pricing with risk‐sharing arrangement. We find that all non‐value‐based policies result in either restricted access or suboptimal treatment coverage. We find that marketing is the highest in the first‐best setting where all decisions are made by a social planner. We also find that the value‐based pricing with risk‐sharing arrangement is preferred by the manufacturer and from a societal perspective whereas no policy is universally preferred by a health care payer. A value‐based pricing with risk‐sharing arrangement always results in zero net monetary benefit for a health care payer. Therefore, considering non‐value‐based arrangements, we find that a negotiated pricing policy, a controlled pricing policy, or a risk‐sharing arrangement may be socially preferred.     

The corporate coauthor

Drug marketing techniques include the sponsorship of articles signed by academic physicians or researchers and submitted to peer-reviewed medical journals. Some of these articles are authored or coauthored by ghostwriters who work for pharmaceutical companies or medical education companies hired by pharmaceutical companies. Conflicts of interest may be difficult to detect in the subset of articles and presentations sponsored by pharmaceutical companies that never mention the targeted drug, but focus on stimulating the perceived need for the targeted drug or highlighting problems with competing drugs. The current voluntary standards for declaring conflicts of interest to readers of medical journals and audiences at medical conferences are inadequate. A public database that contains conflicts of interest of physicians and researchers would be useful.     

关系营销在我国医药企业营销中的应用

近年来,关系营销作为一种全新的营销理论,在国外获得了巨大发展。在国内也引起了专家学者与企业界的关注。但是,与发达国家相比,我国对关系营销理论的研究和其在实际中应用的范围和程度都相差甚远,尤其是在药品营销领域,一直是个焦点话题。文章根据我国目前医药市场现状,分析探讨关系营销在我国医药企业中的应用,继而为医药企业的发展提供一个思路。     

Development of the Burden of Prior Authorization of Psychotherapeutics (BoPAP) Scale to Assess the Effects of Prior Authorization Among Texas Medicaid Providers

This study describes an instrument to measure the perceived effects of prior authorization on quality of care among Texas Medicaid patients with severe mental illness. A questionnaire was mailed to 1,650 prescribers of psychiatric medications and 226 responses were used for analyses (17.5% response rate). Factor analysis revealed a 3-factor, 25-item instrument (BoPAP scale). Overall, prescribers reported a moderate burden of PA (BoPAP Mean = 3.90 ± 0.52, possible range = 1–5). They perceived a high burden (4.49 ± 0.57) on “administrative issues,” a moderate burden (3.93 ± 0.66) on “patient care processes/outcomes” and the lowest burden (3.30 ± 0.74) on “system/societal costs.” BoPAP scores differed based on provider characteristics, indicating evidence of discriminant validity. This paper has been presented in part at the ISPOR 13th Annual International Meeting, Toronto, ON, Canada, May 3–7, 2008.     

An audit of alcohol brand websites

Introduction and Aims. The study investigated the nature and content of alcohol brand websites in the UK. Design and Methods. The research involved an audit of the websites of the 10 leading alcohol brands by sales in the UK across four categories: lager, spirits, Flavoured Alcoholic Beverages and cider/perry. Each site was visited twice over a 1‐month period with site features and content recorded using a pro‐forma. The content of websites was then reviewed against the regulatory codes governing broadcast advertising of alcohol. Results. It was found that 27 of 40 leading alcohol brands had a dedicated website. Sites featured sophisticated content, including sports and music sections, games, downloads and competitions. Case studies of two brand websites demonstrate the range of content features on such sites. A review of the application of regulatory codes covering traditional advertising found some content may breach the codes. Discussion and Conclusions. Study findings illustrate the sophisticated range of content accessible on alcohol brand websites. When applying regulatory codes covering traditional alcohol marketing channels it is apparent that some content on alcohol brand websites would breach the codes. This suggests the regulation of alcohol brand websites may be an issue requiring attention from policymakers. Further research in this area would help inform this process.[Gordon R. An audit of alcohol brand websites. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010;30:638–644]     

中日美药品上市后质量评价体系的比较

目的进一步改进和完善＂国家评价抽验＂工作。方法对中日美三国在药品上市后质量评价体系与检测方法的差异进行比较。结果与结论对揭示国产仿制固体制剂与进口原研药内在质量差距提供了思路,从而促进我国药品评价抽样工作更加科学,真正发挥药品评价抽验工作在促进药品生产、检验、监督、完善质量标准等方面的作用。