ICU产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性分析

目的探讨医院重症监护病房产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性。方法采用BD Phoenix100全自动微生物分析仪对莒县中医医院重症监护病房产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌进行细菌鉴定和药物敏感试验。结果产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌均呈现多重耐药,大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和阿米卡星的耐药率分别为1.8%、5.5%和20.0%,其余14种抗生素的耐药率在54.6%~100.0%;肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南无耐药现象,其余16种抗生素的耐药率在56.0%~100.0%。结论重症监护病房分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌多重耐药严重;同样是产ESBLs菌株,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对相同抗生素的敏感率明显不同。     

Treatment strategies for central nervous system infections: an update

Introduction: Central nervous system infection continues to be an important cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Our incomplete knowledge on the pathogenesis of how meningitis-causing pathogens cause CNS infection and emergence of antimicrobial resistance has contributed to the mortality and morbidity. An early empiric antibiotic treatment is critical for the management of patients with bacterial meningitis, but early recognition of bacterial meningitis continues to be a challenge.

Areas covered: This review gives an overview on current therapeutic strategies for CNS infection with a focus on recent literature since 2010 on bacterial meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency, requiring early recognition and treatment. The selection of appropriate empiric antimicrobial regimen, after incorporating the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis, impact of vaccination, emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, role of adjunctive therapy and the current knowledge on the pathogenesis of meningitis and associated neuronal injury are covered.

Expert opinion: Prompt treatment of bacterial meningitis with an appropriate antibiotic is essential. Optimal antimicrobial treatment of bacterial meningitis requires bactericidal agents able to penetrate the blood–brain barrier, with efficacy in cerebrospinal fluid. Emergence of CNS-infecting pathogens with resistance to conventional antibiotics has been increasingly recognized, but development of new antibiotics has been limited. More complete understanding of the microbial and host factors that are involved in the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis and associated neurologic sequelae is likely to help in developing new strategies for the prevention and therapy of bacterial meningitis.     

Arthritis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a pediatric patient: A case report

Introduction:Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection in infants is usually overlooked and it might result in important complications if left untreated. MP-induced arthritis is probably the least common extrapulmonary manifestation and frequently leads to delays in the diagnosis.Patient concerns:We report the case of a 2-year-old female child admitted in our clinic for prolonged fever (onset 2 weeks before the admission), for which the general practitioner established the diagnosis of acute pharyngitis and recommended antibiotics. But the fever persisted and the patient was referred to a pediatrician.Diagnosis:The laboratory tests revealed leukocytosis with neutrophilia, elevated C-reactive protein and liver cytolysis. The blood and urine cultures, as well as the serological hepatitis B and C, toxoplasmosis, Epstein Barr virus, Rubella, Herpes virus, and cytomegalovirus were negative. The chest X-ray established the diagnosis of pneumonia. The fever persisted for approximately 2 weeks after admission. On the 2nd week of admission, the patient began to experience gait difficulties complaining of pain in the right hip and ankle. The cardiology and pneumology consults revealed no pathological findings. The evolution was favorable after the initiation of Levofloxacin and MP infection was detected as we suspected. Moreover, the ultrasound of the hip revealed a mild joint effusion, while the ankle joint appeared to be normal at ultrasound. Thus, we established the diagnosis of hip and ankle arthritis based on the clinical and ultrasound findings.Interventions:Levofloxacin by vein was continued for 5 days, replaced afterwards with clarithromycin orally for 2 weeks.Outcomes:The gait difficulties persisted for approximately 5 months from the initial diagnosis, and improved once the titer of immunoglobulin M anti-MP antibodies lowered considerably. After more than 8 months, the patient was completely asymptomatic and the immunoglobulin M anti-MP was close to the normal range.Conclusion:The awareness of MP-induced arthritis in children represents the cornerstone in preventing diagnostic delays and initiating the proper treatment.     

九种呼吸道感染病原体的IgM抗体检测结果分析

目的 分析九种常见呼吸道病原体在我院的检测结果,了解其流行情况,指导临床用药.方法 使用九种呼吸道感染病原体[肺炎支原体(MP)、肺炎衣原体(CP)、嗜肺军团菌血清1型(LP1)、腺病毒(ADV)、Q热立克次体(COX)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、流感病毒A(INFA)、流感病毒B(INFB)和副流感病毒1、2、3(PIVs)] IgM检测试剂,检测2012年10月至2013年9月在我院门诊与住院患者血清中各种病原体的检出情况,以及各种病原体阳性率与性别、年龄及季节性的相关性.结果 共检测4205份血清,1055份阳性,总阳性率为25.09％;其中MP为阳性率最高的病原体,阳性率达到了18.36％;各病原体在不同性别间的感染率差异无统计学意义;在不同年龄段方面,MP和PIVs在60～ 103岁年龄段的感染率明显低于其他人群(P＜0.05),INFB在儿童期0～ 14岁的感染率明显高于其他年龄段(P ＜0.01);LP1春季和冬季较其余两个季节高(P＜0.01);MP和ADV秋季感染率明显高于春季(P＜0.01);PIVs春季感染率明显低于其余三个季节(P＜0.01).结论 MP是引起我院呼吸道感染的最重要的病原体;同时应针对不同人群不同季节病原体的流行情况,做好防范工作.     

肺炎支原体抗体联合超敏C反应蛋白检测在小儿支原体肺炎感染诊断中的临床价值

目的 调查研究小儿支原体肺炎感染患者肺炎支原体抗体(MP-Ab)及超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平的变化,探讨肺炎支原体抗体与超敏C反应蛋白联合检测对小儿支原体肺炎感染的临床诊断价值.方法 肺炎支原体肺炎患儿110例,对照儿童120例,均按照《诸福棠实用儿科学》中支原体肺炎诊断标准确诊,两组分别进行MP-Ab、hs-CRP检测,肺炎支原体抗体判定以MP-Ab滴度≥1:160为阳性,超敏C反应蛋白判定以hs-CRP＞ 5mg/L为阳性.通过分析MP-Ab检测法与MP-Ab联合hs-CRP检测法敏感性、特异性差异,探讨MP-Ab联合hs-CRP检测法诊断小儿支原体肺炎感染的临床意义.结果 肺炎支原体肺炎患儿组MP-Ab滴度≥1∶160比率高于正常对照组,肺炎支原体肺炎患儿组hs-CRP高于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);MP-Ab检测法诊断肺炎支原体肺炎的灵敏度为78.2％,MP-Ab联合hs-CRP检测法诊断肺炎支原体肺炎的灵敏度为89.1％,MP-Ab联合hs-CRP检测肺炎支原体肺炎的灵敏度高于MP-Ab检测法,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);MP-Ab检测法诊断肺炎支原体肺炎的特异度为94.2％,MP-Ab联合hs-CRP检测法诊断肺炎支原体肺炎的特异度为89.2％,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 MP-Ab与hs-CRP联合检测能提高小儿支原体肺炎感染的诊断率,具有较高临床价值.     

儿童肺炎支原体脑炎研究进展

肺炎支原体是儿童社区获得性肺炎的常见致病菌,能引起多种形式的肺外损害.儿童肺炎支原体脑炎是引起神经系统损伤的最常见疾病类型.肺炎支原体脑炎的发病机制仍不清楚,直接侵袭、免疫损伤和神经毒素被认为是可能的发病机制.由于肺炎支原体脑炎具有较高的致死率及神经系统后遗症率,因此提高临床医师对该病的认识,最大限度地避免误诊与漏诊的发生,具有重要意义.     

细菌性脑膜炎的免疫学研究进展

细菌性脑膜炎是小儿时期最常见的中枢神经系统感染性疾病之一,尽管给予积极治疗,其病死率及致残率仍居高不下.研究表明,病原感染后导致宿主免疫失调是该病高致残率的主要因素.补体C3沉积细菌表面并活化是补体介导的细菌清除的关键步骤.脑脊液中C3或C5水平明显变化提示预后不良.致病菌穿过血脑屏障后,细菌细胞组分被模式识别受体识别,刺激机体产生过量细胞因子,介导白细胞募集及氧化应激反应,最终导致神经元不可逆损伤.该文以肺炎链球菌感染为例,综述细菌性脑膜炎的免疫学研究进展.     

2013年某院儿童哮喘急性发作住院患儿的病原特点分析

目的：了解2013年某院儿童支气管哮喘急性发作的病原分布特点。方法回顾性分析2013年该院收治的哮喘急性发作的447例住院患儿的临床资料,采用 SPSS 19．0进行数据分析。结果细菌检出率43．8％,其中肺炎链球菌检出率25．5％,居细菌检出首位;25例患儿完成了肺泡灌洗液细菌培养,阳性率44．0％,与痰培养检出结果差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）;呼吸道常见7种病毒检出率27．3％,其中呼吸道合胞病毒检出率18．8％,居常见7种病毒检出首位,小于1岁组病毒检出率较高,各年龄组检出率差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）;肺炎支原体检出率23．5％,未检出肺炎衣原体。结论该院儿童哮喘急性发作与呼吸道感染密切相关,细菌检出率在各年龄组均较高。     

Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae,United States

Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MRMP) is highly prevalent in Asia and is now being reported from Europe. Few data on MRMP are available in the United States. Using genotypic and phenotypic methods, we detected high-level MRMP in 13.2% of 91 M. pneumoniae­–positive specimens from 6 US locations.     

肺炎支原体感染患儿D－二聚体检测与临床意义

目的：探讨肺炎支原体感染患儿血浆D－二聚体含量在肺炎支原体感染过程中的变化及临床意义。方法将来自深圳市宝安妇幼保健院2012年7月至2014年3月住院期间的176例肺炎支原体感染患儿依其病程分为感染组（176例）和治愈组（60例）,同时选取70例正常儿童作为对照组,分别测定其血浆D－二聚体及血清肺炎支原体抗体,并对其进行比较分析。结果肺炎支原体感染组患儿血浆D－二聚体水平较治愈组和对照组显著升高（t值分别为4．33和5．11,均P＜0．05）、肺炎支原体感染期间（肺炎支原体抗体滴度水平在1：320及以上者53例,滴度在1：160者65例,滴度1：80的58例）不同抗体水平的患儿血浆D－二聚体水平均无明显差异（t值分别为0．64、0．48和1．40,均P＞0．05）。结论肺炎支原体感染患儿体内存在着凝血、纤溶活性的异常,D－二聚体水平在感染期明显升高。