A -243A-->G polymorphism upstream of the gene encoding GAD65 associates with lower levels of body mass index and glycaemia in a population-based sample of 5857 middle-aged White subjects.

AIMS: The glutamate decarboxylase gene (GAD2) encodes GAD65, an enzyme catalysing the production of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which interacts with neuropeptide Y to stimulate food intake. It has been suggested that in pancreatic islets, GABA serves as a functional regulator of pancreatic hormone release. Conflicting results have been reported concerning the potential impact of GAD2 variation on estimates of energy metabolism. The aim of this study was to elucidate potential associations between the GAD2-243A-->G polymorphism and levels of body mass index (BMI) and estimates of glycaemia. METHODS: Using high-throughput chip-based matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, the GAD2-243A-->G (rs2236418) polymorphism was genotyped in a population-based sample (Inter99) of 5857 middle-aged, unrelated Danish White subjects. RESULTS: The G-allele was associated with modestly lower BMI (P = 0.01). In a case-control study of obesity, the G-allele frequency in 2582 participants with BMI < 25 kg/m2 was 19.5% (18.4-20.6) compared with 17.1% (15.5-18.8) in 968 participants having BMI > or = 30 kg/m2 (P = 0.03), odds ratio 0.9 (0.7-1.0). Of the 5857 subjects, GG carriers had lower fasting plasma glucose levels (mmol/l) [AA (n = 3859) 5.6 +/- 0.8; AG (n = 1792) 5.5 +/- 0.8; GG (n = 206) 5.5 +/- 0.8, P = 0.008] and lower 30-min oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)-related plasma glucose levels (AA 8.7 +/- 1.9; AG 8.6 +/- 1.9; GG 8.6 +/- 2.0, P = 0.04), adjusted for sex, age and BMI. Analysing subjects who were both normoglycaemic and glucose tolerant (n = 4431) GG carriers still had lower fasting plasma glucose concentrations: AA (n = 2895) 5.3 +/- 0.4; AG (n = 1383) 5.3 +/- 0.4; GG (n = 153) 5.2 +/- 0.4 (P = 9.10(-5)). CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that the GAD2-243A-->G polymorphism in a population of middle-aged White people associates with a modest reduction in BMI and fasting and OGTT-related plasma glucose levels.     

琼脂糖凝胶电泳法测定糖化血红蛋白及其临床应用

目的　采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳的方法测定糖化血红蛋白 (Hb Alc) ,了解 Hb Alc与空腹血糖的关系。方法　取正常人及糖尿病人 EDTA- K2抗凝全血 2 32例 ,制成血红蛋白溶液 ,使用法国 sebia公司 sebia HYDRASYS电泳仪及光密度计扫描仪 ,用琼脂糖凝胶进行电泳分离和光密度计扫描定量测定 Hb Alc;在全自动生化分析仪上用己糖激酶法测定空腹血糖。结果　对照组的 Hb Alc平均值 (% )为 x± s=5 .4 1± 0 .94 ,血糖的平均值 (mmol/ L )为 x± s=4 .92± 0 .87;糖尿病人的 Hb Alc平均值 (% )为 x± s=11.0 6± 4 .3,血糖的平均值 (mmol/ L )为 x± s=10 .86± 3.0 4 ,P<0 .0 1,血糖值与Hb Alc值有显著相关性 ,r=0 .985 ,回归方程 Y=1.10 15 x 1.815。结论　该方法标本用量少 ,分辨率高 ,重复性好 ,结果不受温度及胎儿血红蛋白的影响 ,Hb Alc可作为糖尿病控制的指标     

A novel improved design for the first-generation glucose biosensor

A novel improved design for the first-generation glucose biosensor@Wang J     

Nocturnal hypoglycaemia in Type 1 diabetic patients,assessed with continuous glucose monitoring: frequency,duration and associations

Aims We quantified the occurrence and duration of nocturnal hypoglycaemia in individuals with Type 1 diabetes treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) or multiple‐injection therapy (MIT) using a continuous subcutaneous glucose sensor. Methods A microdialysis sensor was worn at home by 24 patients on CSII (mean HbA_1c 7.8 ± 0.9%) and 33 patients on MIT (HbA_1c 8.7 ± 1.3%) for 48 h. Occurrence and duration of nocturnal hypoglycaemia were assessed and using multivariate regression analysis, the association between HbA_1c, diabetes duration, treatment type (CSII vs. MIT), fasting and bedtime blood glucose values, total daily insulin dose and mean nocturnal glucose concentrations, and hypoglycaemia occurrence and duration was investigated. Results Nocturnal hypoglycaemia ≤ 3.9 mmol/l occurred in 33.3% of both the CSII‐ (8/24) and MIT‐treated patients (11/33). Mean (± sd ; median, interquartile range) duration of hypoglycaemia ≤ 3.9 mmol/l was 78 (± 76; 57, 23–120) min per night for the CSII‐ and 98 (± 80; 81, 32–158) min per night for the MIT‐treated group. Multivariate regression analysis showed that bedtime glucose value had the strongest association with the occurrence (P = 0.026) and duration (P = 0.032) of nocturnal hypoglycaemia. Conclusions Microdialysis continuous glucose monitoring has enabled more precise quantification of nocturnal hypoglycaemia occurrence and duration in Type 1 diabetic patients. Occurrence and duration of nocturnal hypoglycaemia were mainly associated with bedtime glucose value.     

颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与脑梗死关系的研究

目的:研究颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与脑梗死发生的关系,以及血脂、血糖、纤维蛋白原(Fbg)等在颈动脉粥样硬化形成中的影响。方法:对51例脑梗死病人行颈动脉超声检查,按有无粥样硬化斑块分成两组,比较其神经功能缺损情况及血液中TC、TG、LDL、HDL-C、apoprotein Al、apoprotein B、空腹血糖(FBG)和Fbg的含量;观察梗死侧与非梗死侧的颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率。结果:脑梗死病人的颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率为70.6％,与无斑块组比较,两组的神经功能缺损评分差异元显著性(P>0.05)。斑块组TC、LDL、aporprotein B、FBG及Fbg较无斑块组增高(P<0.05),HDL-C的含量则降低(P<0.05);梗死侧颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率增高(P<0.05)。结论:定期颈动脉超声和对血脂血糖等检查,可作为早期发现和筛选脑梗死高危病人的重要手段。     

A method for assessing quality of control from glucose profiles.

AIM: As the practice of multiple assessments of glucose concentration throughout the day increases for people with diabetes, there is a need for an assessment of glycaemic control weighted for the clinical risks of both hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia. METHODS: We have developed a methodology to report the degree of risk which a glycaemic profile represents. Fifty diabetes professionals assigned risk values to a range of 40 blood glucose concentrations. Their responses were summarised and a generic function of glycaemic risk was derived. This function was applied to patient glucose profiles to generate an integrated risk score termed the Glycaemic Risk Assessment Diabetes Equation (GRADE). The GRADE score was then reported by use of the mean value and the relative percent contribution to the weighted risk score from the hypoglycaemic, euglycaemic, hyperglycaemic range, respectively, e.g. GRADE (hypoglycaemia%, euglycaemia%, hyperglycaemia%). RESULTS: The GRADE scores of indicative glucose profiles were as follows: continuous glucose monitoring profile non-diabetic subjects GRADE = 1.1, Type 1 diabetes continuous glucose monitoring GRADE = 8.09 (20%, 8%, 72%), Type 2 diabetes home blood glucose monitoring GRADE = 9.97 (2%, 7%, 91%). CONCLUSIONS: The GRADE score of a glucose profile summarises the degree of risk associated with a glucose profile. Values < 5 correspond to euglycaemia. The GRADE score is simple to generate from any blood glucose profile and can be used as an adjunct to HbA1c to report the degree of risk associated with glycaemic variability.     

青皮对大鼠脑梗死灶周边区葡萄糖利用率的影响

目的观察青皮升压治疗对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型皮质下梗死灶周边葡萄糖利用率(LCGU)的影响。方法将16只大鼠随机分为对照组、青皮升压组,采用大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)再灌注模型,在缺血2h用青皮升高血压20%~30%,缺血24h后处死大鼠,采用定量放射自显影技术测定2组缺血侧大脑半球皮质下梗死灶周边区及对侧大脑半球同源区的LCGU。结果对照组、青皮升压组皮质下梗死灶周边的LCGU分别为(250±39.3)μmol·100g-1·min-1,(182.7±23.03)μmol·100g-1·min-1,明显高于对侧大脑半球同源区(170.4±22.5)μmol·100g-1·min-1,(134.1±29.9)μmol·100g-1·min-1(P<0.05);青皮组皮质下梗死灶周边的LCGU明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论在皮质下梗死灶周边存在葡萄糖利用率增高区,青皮可改善皮质下脑梗死灶周边无氧糖酵解。     

Type O Renal Glucosuria

ABSTRACT. We observed a 7-year-old boy with virtual absence of renal tubular glucose reabsorption (type O renal glucosuria). Glucose titration studies in his family revealed severe type A renal glucosuria in a younger brother, a mild type A defect in the mother and normal glucose reabsorption in the father; thus a spectrum of renal glucose transport defects was observed in members of the same family.