Renal cell carcinoma with unusual metastasis to the gallbladder

Gallbladder involvement in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is extremely rare. We present a report of a 61-year-old man with a synchronous RCC metastasis to the gallbladder presenting as an intraluminal polypoid mass simulating primary gallbladder carcinoma. Enhanced abdominal computed tomography demonstrated a well-enhanced polypoid lesion in the gallbladder. Intraoperative rapid pathological examination of the gallbladder tumor showed clear cell-type cancerous cells. Microscopically, tumor cells of both the resected kidney and gallbladder had round uniform nuclei, clear cytoplasm, and well-defined cytoplasmic borders, forming alveolar patterns. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were negative for cytokeratin 7 (CK7) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), which is usually positive in primary clear cell carcinoma of the gallbladder. Therefore, the final diagnosis was RCC with a synchronous gallbladder metastasis.     

Microsatellite instability in gallbladder carcinoma: two independent genetic pathways of gallbladder carcinogenesis

Although the genetic basis for gallbladder carcinogenesis has not been clarified, considerable evidence has shown that genetic alterations play an important role in the development and progression of human cancers. In this study, we analyzed 30 gallbladder carcinomas to investigate the role of genetic alterations in their tumorigenesis, and to study correlations with their clinicopathological features. Tissue samples were obtained from 30 patients with gallbladder carcinoma (11 men and 19 women; mean age, 62 years; age range, 38–80 years). Genomic DNAs were extracted from fresh tumor tissue. We examined loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the p53, APC, DCC, RB, and NM23-H1 gene regions by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-LOH assay using an automated fluorescent DNA sequencer employing four microsatellite markers (p53, APC, DCC, NM23-H1). Five additional microsatellite markers were used for the determination of microsatellite instability (MSI). LOH was found at p53 in 9 of 15 informative cases (60%), at DCC in 10 of 22 (45%), at APC in 5 of 15 (33%), at RB in 1 of 8 (13%), and at NM23-H1 in 1 of 15 (7%). MSI was observed in 5 of 30 cases (17%) in at least one chromosomal loci of these nine microsatellite markers. None of the patients with MSI-positive tumors showed lymph node metastasis, and there was an inverse correlation between MSI and the presence of LOH in gallbladder carcinoma. These results suggest that there are two independent genetic pathways in gallbladder carcinogenesis; that is, an MSI pathway and an LOH pathway. Received: December 24, 1999 / Accepted: May 26, 2000     

Effect of nifedipine on interdigestive gallbladder volume and postprandial gallbladder emptying in man

The effect of two oral doses (10 and 20 mg) of nifedipine versus placebo on the fasted gallbladder volume and on the meal-induced gallbladder emptying was assessed according to a double-blind study protocol in 12 healthy volunteers. Eight subjects underwent three studies (with placebo and with both nifedipine doses), whereas in two subjects the effect of a 10-mg nifedipine dose, vs placebo and in two others the effect of a 20-mg nifedipine dose vs placebo was examined. The studies were performed on separate days, and the gallbladder volume was measured by means of real-time ultrasonography. Neither placebo nor 20 mg nifedipine per os elicited any significant change in the fasted gallbladder vlume. With 10 mg nifedipine per os a significant increase in the interdigestive gallbladder volume was observed: 22.9±2.9 cm³ before and 26.2±3.2 cm³ after the drug receipt (P<0.005). A trend towards an inhibition of the postprandial gallbladder emptying was observed with 10 mg nifedipineper os without, however, reaching the level of statistical significance. Following 20 mg nifedipineper os, a marked delay in the meal-stimulated gallbladder emptying occurred as reflected by a decrease in the gallbladder ejection fraction from 48.1±4.5% (placebo) to 26.4±5.0% (nifedipine) (P<0.02) at 30 min and from 54.0±3.6% (placebo) to 33.2±4.6% (nifedipine) (P<0.02) at 40 min after the test meal. We conclude that a therapeutic oral dosage of nifedipine has a significant relaxing effect on the human gallbladder.     

硬质胆道镜联合腹腔镜保胆取石治疗胆囊结石、胆囊息肉的78例疗效观察

目的观察硬质胆道镜联合腹腔镜保胆取石治疗胆囊结石、胆囊息肉的临床疗效。方法 48例胆囊结石与30例胆囊息肉患者行硬质胆道镜保留胆囊、取净结石和息肉手术,术后定期复查腹部彩超。结果 78例患者中1例(1.28%)因结石位于胆囊颈且嵌顿中转行胆囊切除,其余均顺利手术;1例(1.28%)术后2月发现胆囊颈内残余结石,行腹腔镜胆囊切除术;胆囊息肉术后病理检查均为良性息肉。结论硬质胆道镜取石、取息肉术方法简单、安全、可行,是保留胆囊功能的有效方法。     

胆囊癌组织中线粒体DNA含量变化的研究

目的探讨线粒体DNA(mt DNA)含量的改变与胆囊癌的关系。方法通过实时荧光定量PCR检测30例胆囊癌组织、30例胆囊癌旁组织和30例胆囊良性病变组织标本中mt DNA的含量。结果胆囊癌组织中mt DNA的平均含量为(766±143)×10~6拷贝/L,胆囊癌旁组织中mt DNA的平均含量为(343±94)×10~6拷贝/L,胆囊良性病变组织中mt DNA的平均含量为(386±104)×10~6拷贝/L,胆囊癌组织中mt DNA平均含量分别高于胆囊癌旁组织(t=11.583,P<0.001)和胆囊良性病变组织(t=13.320,P<0.001)。胆囊癌组织中mt DNA含量的改变与患者性别、年龄及肿瘤分化程度无关(P>0.05)。胆囊良性病变组织与胆囊癌旁组织中mt DNA的平均含量比较,差异无统计学意义(t=1.673,P=0.107)。结论胆囊癌发生与mtDNA含量增加可能相关,mtDNA含量的检测是胆囊癌诊断的一种方法。     

Breast carcinoma with metastasis to the gallbladder:an unusual case report with a short review of literature

Gallbladder metastases are very rare and usually arise from malignant melanoma, renal cell carcinoma and cervical carcinoma. Breast carcinoma tnetastatic to the gallbladder is extremely rare and only 4 cases have been reported in the English literature. We hereby report a 54-year-old lady who was diagnosed as having breast carcinoma and underwent modified radical mastectomy. One month after the operation, she developed acute abdomenal pain and underwent cholecystectomy after clinical investigation. Histopathological examination revealed metastasis to the gallbladder. Being considered a patient with tnetastatic breast carcinoma she was subjected to taxane and anthracycline-based palliative chemotherapy. Later she had CNS involvement and died of the progressive disease soon after few months.     

Gastrobiliary motility is not coordinated in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia of normal gastric emptying time: simultaneous sonographic study

BACKGROUND: Disorders of the motor function of the upper gastrointestinal tract have been implicated in the pathogenesis of non-ulcer dyspepsia. Approximately 50% of patients with abdominal symptoms (without ulcer) have normal gastric emptying. Apart from gastric emptying, other mechanisms are very important in the etiology of non-ulcer dyspepsia. METHODS: Gastric emptying and gallbladder motility were simultaneously investigated in 16 patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia and in 15 healthy controls. Fasting blood samples were taken, and pepsinogen levels were assayed. RESULTS: Gastric emptying time, fasting antral diameter, and post-prandial antral diameter were not significantly different between the patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia and the controls. Fasting gallbladder volume, the time required to reach minimal gallbladder residual volume, minimal gallbladder residual volume, and the serum levels of pepsinogen were not significantly different. Simple linear regression was used to summarize the relationship between gastric emptying time and time required to reach minimal gallbladder residual volume. In the controls, the gastric emptying time and time required to reach minimal gallbladder residual volume were linearly related. However, in the patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia, they were not related. CONCLUSIONS: These observations suggest that disturbance of coordination between gastric emptying and gallbladder emptying is a cause of the symptoms of non-ulcer dyspepsia.     

CyclinD1和CDC25A 在胆囊癌中的表达及意义

目的：通过检测CyclinD1和CDC25A在胆囊癌中的表达,探讨其在胆囊癌发生发展中的作用及其机制,为胆囊癌诊断和治疗寻找新的靶点。方法采用流式细胞术检测44例胆囊癌和35例慢性胆囊炎黏膜组织的CyclinD1、CDC25A蛋白的表达,其中蛋白的表达量用平均荧光强度（均道值）表示。结果胆囊癌组织、慢性胆囊炎黏膜组织中CyclinD1蛋白表达分别为（531.153±28.823）、（496.462±37.191）,胆囊癌组织的CyclinD1蛋白表达高于正常组织;胆囊癌组织、慢性胆囊炎黏膜组织中CDC25A蛋白表达分别为（535.029±35.647）、（496.267±41.345）,胆囊癌组织的CDC25A蛋白表达高于慢性炎症组织。结论 CyclinD1和CDC25A蛋白在胆囊癌组织中均高表达。这两种基因和蛋白表达的改变可能是引起胆囊癌发生发展的分子机制之一。     

胆石片治疗伴胆囊结石的慢性胆囊炎肝胆气郁证：随机、双盲、对照临床试验

[目的]评价胆石片治疗伴有胆囊结石的慢性胆囊炎（肝胆气郁证）的有效性和安全性.[方法]采用随机、双盲、安慰剂平行对照、多中心临床试验设计.120例伴有结石的慢性胆囊炎患者符合本试验纳入标准,试验组和对照组各60例,分别采用胆石片（6粒/次,3次/d）及胆石片模拟剂（6粒/次,3次/d）进行为期4周的治疗.以中医证候积分（包括右胁胀痛、口苦、咽干、嗳气、恶心、厌食油腻、纳食减少、胃脘痞满、上腹饱胀、右上腹部压痛和大便秘结）和腹部超声检查进行疗效评价.以血、尿、大便常规,肝功能（ALT、AST、TBIL、DBIL）、肾功能（Bun、Cr）和心电图检查结果作为安全性评价的依据.[结果]治疗4周后,主要疗效：临床愈显率对照组为1.72％,试验组为15.25％,组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;总有效率对照组为20.69％,试验组为55.93％,组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.中医证候疗效：临床愈显率对照组为5.17％,试验组为22.03％,组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.总有效率对照组为34.48％,试验组为71.19％,组间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.影像学疗效：愈显率对照组为15.38％,试验组为30.00％,组间差异无统计学意义;总有效率对照组为50.00％,试验组为72.00％,组间差异有统计学意义（P＜o.05）.安全性：2组均无严重不良事件发生.[结论]胆石片能有效治疗伴有胆囊结石的慢性胆囊炎,并有良好的安全性.