Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging detects early neuropathology following four vessel occlusion ischemia in the rat

Early neuropathology following a prolonged duration of four-vessel occlusion (4 VO) ischemia in the rat was charted using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Animals received either 30 minutes of 4 VO (N = 6) or sham operation (N = 6) prior to in vivo assessment. Proton density and T(2) and combined T(2)/diffusion-weighted (T(2)/DW) MRI were performed at 6, 24, and 72 hours postocclusion. T(2)/DW imaging was the most effective sequence for delineating between injured and intact tissues, indicating neuropathology in the dorsolateral striatum at 24 hours and in the CA1/CA2 subfields of the hippocampus at 72 hours following ischemia. Apparent diffusion coefficient values were significantly reduced in the striatum (P = 0.03) and hippocampus (P = 0.005) at 24 and 72 hours, respectively. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of T(2)/DW imaging detecting lesions following 4 VO in accord with the known temporal evolution of ischemic brain damage.     

张子和学术传人考

通过对医著《儒门事亲》及金元时期相关史料的分析,考证金元四大家之一张子和的直接学术传人有麻知己、常仲明、常德、赵君玉、张仲杰、栾企、张伯全、阎(王禹)等8人。     

Seasonal dynamics of the hepatotoxic microcystins in various organs of four freshwater bivalves from the large eutrophic lake Taihu of subtropical China and the risk to human consumption

So far, little is known on the distribution of hepatotoxic microcystin (MC) in various organs of bivalves, and there is no study on MC accumulation in bivalves from Chinese waters. Distribution pattern and seasonal dynamics of MC-LR, -YR and -RR in various organs (hepatopancreas, intestine, visceral mass, gill, foot, and rest) of four edible freshwater mussels (Anodonta woodiana, Hyriopsis cumingii, Cristaria plicata, and Lamprotula leai) were studied monthly during Oct. 2003-Sep. 2004 in Lake Taihu with toxic cyanobacterial blooms in the summer. Qualitative and quantitative determinations of MCs in the organs were done by LC-MS and HPLC. The major toxins were present in the hepatopancreas (45.5-55.4%), followed by visceral mass with substantial amount of gonad (27.6-35.5%), whereas gill and foot were the least (1.8-5.1%). The maximum MC contents in the hepatopancreas, intestine, visceral mass, gill, foot, and rest were 38.48, 20.65, 1.70, 0.64, 0.58, and 0.61 microg/g DW, respectively. There were rather good positive correlation in MC contents between intestines and hepatopancreas of the four bivalves (r=0.75-0.97, p<0.05). There appeared to be positive correlations between the maximum MC content in the hepatopancreas and the delta13C (r=0.919) or delta15N (r=0.878) of the foot, indicating that the different MC content in the hepatopancreas might be due to different food ingestion. A glutathione (GSH) conjugate of MC-LR was also detected in the foot sample of C. plicata. Among the foot samples analyzed, 54% were above the provisional WHO tolerable daily intake (TDI) level, and the mean daily intakes from the four bivalves were 8-23.5 times the TDI value when the bivalves are eaten as a whole, suggesting the high risk of consuming bivalves in Lake Taihu.     

Does repetition of post‐tetanic count every 3 min during profound relaxation affect accelerographic recovery of atracurium blockade?

BACKGROUND: Post-tetanic count is a valuable method to assess profound neuromuscular blockade. However, subsequent responses to repetitive stimulation might be altered due to post tetanic facilitation (PTF). To avoid PTF, it has been advocated to limit the interval of stimulation from 6 to 10 min. The impact of PTF on 90% recovery of the TOF ratio has not been evaluated. Therefore, we assessed the effect of repetitive PTC stimulation on atracurium blockade with the primary outcome being the time to reach 90% TOF recovery in comparison to classical TOF stimulation. METHODS: After informed consent 20 patients ASA I-II, scheduled for peripheral surgery under general anaesthesia and requiring tracheal intubation were enrolled into the study. Anaesthesia was induced with fentanyl, propofol, and atracurium, 0.5 mg kg(-1). Neuromuscular characteristics were assessed at the adductor pollicis by a TOF Watch((R)) accelerometer (Organon, Teknika, Holland) on each arm. After onset of maximum neuromuscular blockade, repetitive PTC every 3 min on one arm and repetitive TOF stimulation every 15 s on the opposite arm was performed. The following parameters were recorded: onset of maximum blockade, mean time of PTC stimulation, the maximum number of responses to PTC, time of the first and second TOF responses, and recovery profile until 90% TOF ratio. RESULTS: Time to reach 90% TOF recovery was similar on both arms (48 +/- 9 min), with a difference of 16 +/- 38 s between the arms (P = 0.64). The first and second responses of the TOF on the PTC-stimulated arm appeared at 29 +/- 8 min and 33 +/- 7 min, respectively. On the other arm the responses appeared at 30 +/- 8 min and 35 +/- 8 min, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Repetitive PTC stimulation every 3 min hastened the first and second responses of the TOF stimulation but we could not detect a significant difference in the 90% recovery of TOF ratio during atracurium blockade.     

Middle turbinate lateralization: a simple treatment for rhinologic headache

OBJECTIVE: To introduce a minimally invasive method to eliminate the symptoms of contact-point rhinologic cephalgia. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study of 55 patients with chronic nasal or glabellar pain and endoscopically proven nasal origin. METHODS: All 55 patients in whom endoscopic examination demonstrated a contact point between the middle turbinate and the nasal septum were treated by fracturing the middle turbinate lateralward using a small metal tongue depressor under 10% lidocaine HCL topical anesthesia. RESULTS: Of the treated cohort, 48 (87%) of the patients had complete clinical symptom resolution after one treatment and all had resolution after two treatments. Recurrence occurred in 1 patient. There were no short-term or long-term adverse sequelae. The results persisted at a mean follow-up time of 50 months (range, 6-84 mo). CONCLUSION: Middle turbinate lateralization is safe and effective in eliminating the symptoms of rhinologic cephalgia induced by contact point between the middle turbinate and nasal septum.     

中医四诊信息数字化研究现状评析

本综述客观评析了中医望、闻、问、切四诊研究现状及存在问 题,提出在探索四诊信息数字化研究中建立中医四诊信息规范化采集和分析的方法,完善中医四诊检测系统,建立中医四诊特征信息数据库,以及建立计算机判读量 化分类方法,同时利用数据库平台对中医四诊信息进行融合分析,综合判断等构想,以获取有关中医病性、病位的客观诊断依据。     

从现代临床文献探讨糖尿病中医四诊信息的规律

目的:利用中医药治疗糖尿病现代临床研究文献探讨糖尿病中医四诊信息的规律性。方法:收集整理中医药治疗糖尿病现代临床研究文献,采用频数分析与聚类分析的方法,分析文献中四诊信息的规律性。结果:从现代医学角度分析,糖尿病四诊信息可以分为四类:疾病诊断相关症状或体征、疾病诊断相关症状或体征的中医特征性描述、疾病诊断不太相关的全身症状或体征、疾病诊断无关的舌脉象。症状出现频率高的是疾病诊断相关症状。运用聚类分析将这28项症状和舌脉象聚类为3类,能分别代表中医脾肾气虚、肺胃热盛,心脾两虚、胃热炽盛和肾阴亏虚、胃热炽盛证候类型。若将这28项症状和舌脉象聚为10类,则分别代表中医治疗糖尿病辨证过程中证候分类的常见症状或舌脉象的组合。结论:从统计学角度出发,糖尿病现代文献中的中医四诊信息具有规律性,同时该规律性与中医学辨证理论一致。     

从中医药治疗肾炎现代临床研究文献探讨肾炎中医四诊信息的规律性

目的:利用中医药治疗肾炎现代临床研究文献探讨肾炎中医四诊信息的规律性。方法:收集整理中医药治疗肾炎现代临床研究文献,采用频数分析与聚类分析的方法,分析文献中四诊信息的规律性。结果:从现代医学角度分析,肾炎四诊信息可以分为四类:疾病诊断相关症状或体征、疾病诊断相关症状或体征的中医特征性描述、疾病诊断不太相关的全身症状或体征、疾病诊断无关的舌脉象。症状出现频率高的是疾病诊断相关症状。运用聚类分析将这28项症状和舌脉象聚类为2类,能分别代表中医气阴两虚、外感风邪和气阴两虚、外感风寒证候类型。若将这28项症状和舌脉象聚为10类,则分别代表中医治疗慢性胃炎辨证过程中证候分类的常见症状或舌脉象的组合。结论:从统计学角度出发,肾炎现代文献中的中医四诊信息具有规律性,同时该规律性与中医学辨证理论一致。     

Talking about adult work with young children

Since the Education Act of 1870 it has been compulsory for children to start attending school after their fifth birthday. However, there have always been children below the age of five in lesser and greater numbers attending school. This paper examines the conditions for under fives in school, both at the beginning of the century and now and compares the findings and recommendations of Government Reports. Significant is the similarity of conditions, findings and recommendations from 1908 and 1988 and a concensus as to the needs of children aged three and four. At both times nursery education is put forward as the most appropriate form of education for under fives. Given this consensus of opinion it is suggested that compulsory nursery education for four year olds is necessary.     

四大怀药延缓衰老作用的研究

本实验观察了怀牛膝、怀菊花、怀山药、怀地黄各单味药及四药合剂对小鼠血中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和过氧化脂质(LPO)的影响。结果表明,"四大怀药"合剂可明显增强鼠血中 SOD 的活性和 GSH-PX 的活力,使 LPO 显著降低。各单味药亦可增强 GSH-Px 的活性,使 LPO 降低。上述结果说明,四大怀药可能具有延缓衰老的作用。