Diet and Physical Activity of Men in East and West Finland in 1969

The purpose of the study was to discover the effects of physical activity on men's diets. The food consumption of 1306 men aged 50 to 69 years was studied using the dietary history method. The men were grouped in four classes according to their physical activity. With increasing activity their consumptions of cereals, potatoes, milk and milk products, fats and sugar increased. The men in East Finland used more milk, butter and fish than those in the West. The consumption of cereals, potatoes and eggs was higher in West than in East Finland. The intake of energy and energy yielding nutrients was greatly dependent on the physical activity but their contributions to the total energy intake were independent. The consumption of minerals and vitamins was adequate in all activity classes. The changes in the diet caused by physical activity seemed to be more quantitative than qualitative.     

Clinical Findings before and after a Graded Gastrectomy for Duodenal Ulcer

In 71 patients a partial gastrectomy was graded according to the preoperativc values of total HCl in mEq/h for maximal acid output (MAO) following large doses of histamine.

In 31 males and 6 females with an MAO of 30 mEq/h or more subjected to a two-thirds gastrectomy, the average duration of dyspepsia was 13 years preoperatively. (Bleeding had occurred 1.2 times and severe vomiting 0.06 times per patient. A dietary treatment had been tried 1.6 times per patient.) Twelve months postoperatively the body weight was not significantly reduced from 71 to 67 kg. A significant increase was found for the average values of alkaline phosphatase, the thymol turbidity, and the icterus index in serum. The fecal fat showed an increase 3 months postoperatively from 7.4 to 11 g/24 h. No significant alterations were observed for the values of blood pressure, Hb, red and white blood cell counts, the sedimentation rate, serum total protein, iron, or total cholesterol.

In 19 males and 15 females with MAO below 30 mEq/h subjected to one-third gastrectomy, the duration of dyspepsia was 16 years. The body weights preoperatively and 12 months postoperatively were 66 and 61.3 kg respectively. No significant increase was observed for the values of alkaline phosphatase, thymol turbidity, icterus index, or fecal fat, and the other clinical and laboratory data were not different from those found in the high secretory group.

Postoperatively 97 per cent of the patients were satisfied with the result, although moderate dumping symptoms occurred in 15-20 per cent, and intolerance to milk in about 20 per cent after both types of operative procedures.

The twelve-month clinical follow-up seems to show that treatment of duodenal ulcer patients with partial gastrectomy graded by the values of the augmented histamine test is a better procedure than the conventional two-thirds gastrectomy.     

High-fat diet-induced changes in body mass and hypothalamic gene expression in wild-type and leptin-deficient mice

We tested whether diet-induced obesity results from increased energy consumption, is associated with changes in expression of genes involved in leptin signal transduction, and is altered by hyperleptinemia. C57BL/6 mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for up to 15 weeks. HFD mice weighed significantly more than LFD controls by 3 weeks, despite consuming less energy. HFD mice had significantly greater leptin, insulin, and glucose levels than LFD mice, suggesting leptin and insulin resistance. Adiponectin levels declined with age but were unaffected by diet. HFD was associated with altered hypothalamic expression of genes whose products regulate the activity or nuclear translocation of STAT3, an important mediator of leptin actions. Expression of two isoforms of the leptin receptor decreased at 15 weeks in hypothalami of HFD mice in a tissue-specific manner. The type of fat (saturated versus unsaturated) did not influence weight gain on an HFD, but animals on LFD gained significantly more weight and adiposity if the dietary fat consisted mostly of saturated fats; this occurred despite no difference in energy consumption or absorption. Replacement of leptin to leptin-deficient ob/ob mice decreased hypothalamic leptin receptor expression and did not prevent HFD-induced weight gain. It is concluded that (1) increased energy consumption is not required for HFD-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice, (2) HFD results in weight gain partly by modulating hypothalamic leptin-signaling pathways, (3) saturated fats induce weight gain even when total fat content of the diet is low, and (4) the effects of HFD are manifest in the presence or absence of circulating leptin.     

Effects of trans fats on prostacyclin production

Abstract

Objectives. Prostacyclin is a prostanoid derived from arachidonic acid that prevents thrombosis and is thereby expected to protect against heart disease, while trans fats present in partially hydrogenated oils interfere with arachidonic acid metabolism. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate how fats with different proportions of linoleic acid and trans-18:1 affect prostacyclin released by cultured endothelial cells, and to compare these proportions with those found in commercially available foods. Design. Soybean oil and hydrogenated soybean oil (coating fat) were mixed in different proportions to yield seven fat mixtures with proportions of linoleic acid ranging from 54.1% to 5.7% and trans-18:1 acid ranging from 0.4% to 43.9%. Human endothelial cells were cultured in each of the mixtures, and their phospholipid fractions were then separated and their fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. The prostacyclin released by the cells was measured using RIA kits. Margarines and processed foods were purchased from the supermarket for comparison. Results. Our work revealed that as the percentage of trans fat was increased, the amount of prostacyclin released dose-dependently and significantly (P < 0.0001) decreased, the concentration of linoleic and arachidonic acid decreased in the membrane phospholipids while the concentration of trans 18:1 acids increased, the prostacyclin decreased by 35–98%. Supermarket margarines had levels of trans fats similar to those that suppressed prostacyclin by 35–54%. Most processed foods labeled as trans-free contained trans fats. Conclusions. Trans fatty acids suppress prostacyclin production at levels found in commercial margarines, and processed foods labeled as trans-free could contribute to this effect if consumed in multiple servings or in addition to foods containing larger amounts of trans fats.     

2型糖尿病患者甲状腺功能与内脏脂肪面积的关系

目的 分析2型糖尿病患者甲状腺功能与内脏脂肪面积(VFA)的相关性。 方法 回顾性分析556例2型糖尿病患者的临床资料,依据内脏脂肪面积分为增多组和正常组,收集相关基本信息、血糖、血脂及甲状腺功能指标进行分析。 结果 相关分析显示,甘油三酯(TG)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(fT₃)、ln促甲状腺激素(lnTSH)及年龄分别与VFA呈正相关,糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)及游离甲状腺素(fT₄)分别与VFA呈负相关(P<0.05)。回归分析显示,fT₃,lnTSH,TG及年龄是内脏脂肪增多的危险因素(P<0.05)。 结论 在无显性甲状腺功能亢进或减退症及既往无其他甲状腺疾病史的2型糖尿病患者中,除了年龄及TG水平外,甲状腺功能中的fT₃及TSH水平升高是内脏脂肪增多的危险因素,提示甲状腺功能状态可能与内脏脂肪堆积密切相关。     

气质联用法分析五倍子相关资源油脂的脂肪酸成分

目的研究五倍子相关资源（角倍、肚倍、倍花、盐肤木果）油脂的脂肪酸组分。方法利用6号溶剂油提取五倍子油脂,甲酯化后以气质联用法分析其油脂脂肪酸组成。结果按相对峰面积计,角倍油脂月桂酸1.75%、棕榈酸24.36%、肉豆蔻酸30.94%、硬脂酸7.39%、亚油酸7.14%、油酸14.4%,肚倍油脂月桂酸29.95%、棕榈酸17.36%、肉豆蔻酸28.22%、硬脂酸5.01%、亚油酸7.48%、油酸7.02%,倍花油脂月桂酸1.20%、棕榈酸31.2%、肉豆蔻酸33.77%、硬脂酸5.54%、亚油酸9.71%,盐肤木果油脂棕榈酸19.9%、硬脂酸3.32%、亚油酸57.73%、油酸13.41%,前3种资源油脂以饱和脂肪酸为主,盐肤木果油以不饱和脂肪酸为主。结论五倍子相关资源油脂有较高的开发价值,不同资源油脂的脂肪酸组成不一样,在开发应用中应注意区分。     

被动吸烟与高脂饲料对大鼠血液流变学的交互影响

为探讨被动吸烟与高脂饲料对大鼠血液流变学特征的影响,以SD种雄性大鼠为实验动物进行了研究。结果:被动吸烟组大鼠的血红蛋白含量与红细胞压积均显著高于对照组与高脂组(P<0.05)。对全血比粘度升高的影响,被动吸烟与高脂的联合效应(2.61)大于其各自单独效应之和(1.6);两者共存时,被动吸烟的效应提高了1.24倍,高脂的效应提高了1.40倍。对全血还原比粘度升高的影响,两者联合的效应(4.51)也大于其各自单独效应之和(2.35);两者联合时,被动吸烟的效应提高了2.32倍,高脂的效应提高了1.52倍。被动吸烟与高脂饲料均能明显增加大鼠全血比粘度与全血还原粘度,而且两者存在明显的正交互影响。     

飞行员脂肪负荷餐后血浆脂质代谢异常分析

目的：应用脂肪耐量试验分析飞行员富含甘油三酯的脂蛋白（TRL）清除延迟发生率及其对血浆脂质的影响，方法：50例飞行员分为实验组和对照组，实验组服脂肪负荷餐，对照组未服，于空腹，餐后3、8h分别采血，测定血浆甘油三酯（TG），总胆固醇（CHO）、高密度脂蛋白－胆固醇（HDL－C），载脂蛋白（Apo)A1,B和纤维蛋白原（FIB）水平，结果：实验组TRL清除延迟发生率4／25，组无TRL清除延迟，两组相比差异有显著性意义（P＜0．01），餐后高TG应答与血浆HDL－C水平降低呈负相关（P＜0．01），餐后3h ApoA1,CHO降低；ApoB,FIB升高，餐后8h HDL0C,CHO,ApoB,FIB仍未恢复至空腹水平，与空腹相比差异有显著性意义（P＜0．01），结论：飞行员TRL清除延迟可以作为IV型高脂蛋白血症的判断指标，它与膳食脂肪摄入量过高有关，餐后TRL清除延迟可导致高TG／低HLD－C综合征，血浆ApoA1降低，ApoB升高代谢异常，导致血液高凝状态，上述现象构成了动脉粥样硬化形成和发展的综合危险因素。     

脂肪栓塞综合征的早期诊断方法——血凝块快速冰冻切片油红O染色

脂肪栓塞综合征是创伤骨折后的严重并发症，治疗比较困难，残废率高。若能早期诊断及时治疗，是可以中断其病理过程的。本文介绍了血凝块快速冰冻切片油红Ｏ染色后光镜下观察，见到大小不等的红色圆形脂肪球的检查方法，并用此法对５０例创伤骨折和８例髋关节置换术后患者进行检查，发现脂肪滴阳性者３０例，脂滴直径为２～５０μｍ，其中２０～５０μｍ者９例，有６例发生脂肪栓塞综合征，３例因及时预防性应用地塞米松或低分子右旋糖酐而未发生脂肪栓塞综合征；另外２１例其脂滴直径在２０μｍ以下的阳性患者以及２８例阴性患者，均未发生脂肪栓塞综合征。从而为临床提供了一种可靠的早期诊断方法。