川芎嗪对大鼠灌服环孢素A药代动力学的影响

目的研究中药成分川芎嗪(TMP)对大鼠灌服环孢素A(CsA)药代动力学的影响。方法40只雄性SD大鼠按体重进行随机区组设计，分为4组。试验d 1，每只大鼠灌服CsA(10 mg·kg^-1)后，于0，1，2，3,4，6，8，12，24，36和48 h从尾静脉处采血0.2～0.25 mL。然后各组大鼠从试验的d 4到d 8进行不同的预处理，即每日分别灌服蒸馏水、维拉帕米(Ver)、低剂量和高剂量的TMP。d 9时各组大鼠单次合用CsA(10 mg·kg^-1)和上述的各种化合物后，按d 1的时间点采样。用HPLC法测定全血中CsA的浓度，计算其主要药代动力学参数并进行统计学分析。结果合用蒸馏水组的CsA药代动力学参数前后无显著性差异；Ver预处理并合用后，CsA的AUC^{0-48 h}和C_max均显著增加(P<0.01和P<0.05)，T^1/2β显著延长(P<0.05)，CL显著降低(P<0.05)，而T_max和V的变化无统计学差异。低剂量TMP预处理并合用后，CsA的AUC^{0-48 h}和C_max有增加的趋势，但无统计学差异，其余药代动力学参数的变化也无统计学的差异。高剂量TMP预处理并合用后，CsA的AUC^{0-48 h}和C_max均有显著的增加(P<0.01)，但其他药代动力学参数的变化无统计学差异。结论高剂量的TMP能显著提高CsA的灌服生物利用度，但对CsA的体内消除过程几乎没有影响。     

肾移植患者环孢素A血药浓度监测指标峰浓度C2与谷浓度C0的比较

目的探讨肾移植受者服用环孢素A(CsA)后C0和C2血药浓度的监测的临床意义。方法采用荧光偏振免疫方法(FPIA)同时测定肾移植后两个月内接受CsA治疗患者的CsA谷值(C0)和峰值(C2)血药浓度。回顾性分析CsA的血药浓度监测方法在预测肾移植肝毒性和急性排斥的有效性。结果肾移植术后2个月内毒性反应(包括肝毒性和肾毒性)发生率54.1%(33/61);急性排斥发生率21.3%(13/61)。同步测定C0、C2各61次,毒性反应组与不发生毒性反应组的C0、C2平均值差异都有非常的显著性(P<0.01)。急性排斥与无排斥组的C0平均值差异无显著性(P>0.05);C2平均值差异有非常的显著性(P<0.01)。环孢素的C0能预测毒性反应的发生而不能预测急性排斥的发生;C2对毒性反应和急性排斥的发生都能起到预测的作用。结论肾移植术后患者以C2为监测点预防毒性反应、急性排斥反应和调整给药剂量比C0更具有科学性和敏感性。考虑C2的适宜浓度范围在900~1200μg.L-1。     

硫唑嘌呤对环孢素A家兔药动学的影响

目的:研究硫唑嘌呤(azathioprine,AZP)对环孢素A(cyclosporine CSA)血药浓度及药动学的影响。方法:8只家兔灌胃法给CSA口服液(1 5 mg/kg)后,高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定CSA的血药浓度,恢复1 wk后,灌胃法给AZP(2 0 mg/kg·d)共5 d,并于第5 d灌胃给AZP后再以同样方式给CSA,HPLC测定CSA的血药浓度,以3 P97药动学程序拟合药动学参数。结果:正常家兔合用AZP后,CSA的Cmax、Ke、Ka升高(P <0 .0 5 ) ,T peak、AUC、t1 /2 (Ka)、t1 /2 (ke)降低(P <0 .0 5 ) ,合用AZP前后CSA的CL,V没有变化,其他药动学参数变化差异无显著性。结论:合用AZP前后家兔体内代谢均符合一室模型规律,并且合用AZP后可能加强CSA的作用,减少体内药物的残留量。     

Immunosuppression: Preliminary results of alternative maintenance therapy for familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL)

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) describes a group of disorders with similar clinical features that are associated with a very high mortality rate. Patients with HLH, and particularly the infantile form referred to as familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL), are often treated with multiple courses of epipodophyllotoxins, such as etoposide, for prolonged periods of time. Because of the concern regarding the risk of epipodophyllotoxin-induced acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) we have explored the use of immunosuppression as maintenance therapy for patients with FHL while they await the only known definitive treatment, i.e., bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We report 2 infants with FHL who had significant central nervous system involvement at diagnosis. Both were initially treated with etoposide, methotrexate, and glucocorticosteroids. Once clinical improvement was achieved these patients were successfully maintained in clinical remission of FHL on daily cyclosporine A (CSA) and glucocorticosteroids along with intermittent intrathecal methotrexate for 5 months until appropriate unrelated donors could be identified for BMT.     

康乐霉素对豆蔻酰佛波醇乙酯和伊屋诺霉素诱导淋巴细胞增殖的作用(英文)

目的:比较康乐霉素C(Kan)和环孢素(Cyc)对十四酰佛波醇乙酯(TPA)和伊屋诺霉素(IM),及刀豆球蛋白A(Con A)诱导淋巴细胞增殖的作用。方法:氚掺入或MTT法测细胞增殖;钼酸盐染料比色法测钙调磷酸酶(CN)活性。结果:Kan(8,40,80和400nmol·L~(-1))竞争性抑制TPA和IM刺激的脾细胞增殖。Cyc浓度增加,对TPA和IM刺激的脾细胞增殖中IM变化的增殖作用抑制较强。Kan和Cyc抑制Con A刺激的脾富集T-细胞增殖,IL-2拮抗Cyc作用较强;Kan抑制CN活性的作用较Cyc弱。结论:Kan竞争性抑制TPA和IM活化的细胞增殖,而Cyc抑制IM活化作用较强。     

Successful Treatment of Severe Arthralgia Associated with Palmoplantar Pustulosis with Low-Dose Oral Cyclosporine A

Two patients with severe arthralgia associated with palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) were treated with oral cyclosporine A (CsA). Clinical efficacy was assessed on a 0–4 point scale for erythema, desquamation, infiltration, and pustulation, and on a 0–3 point pain scale. Skin lesions and arthralgia improved within twelve weeks with low dose CsA ranging from 2.1 to 2.2 mg/kg/day. High levels of plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) were reduced to the normal range.     

Clinical outcome after cyclosporine dose reduction based on C2 levels in long-term liver transplant patients

BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest that cyclosporine dose adjustment based on C2 levels results in improvement of renal function. This study investigates the effect on renal function after dose reduction based on the C2 levels in long-term liver transplant patients. METHODS: In 60 patients (>1 yr after transplantation), C2 levels were assessed (target 600 ng/mL +/- 20%). Dose reduction was performed when C2 >720 ng/mL. Serum creatinine concentrations were measured and creatinine clearance was calculated. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients (38%) had C2 values >720 ng/mL. After dose reduction, mean cyclosporine dose decreased by 25% (p < 0.01). Mean C2 value decreased by 42% (p < 0.01). Serum creatinine concentrations remained stable. After dose reduction two patients experienced recurrence of PBC, in one patient AIH recurred and rejection was diagnosed in one patient. CONCLUSION: Cyclosporine C2 concentrations above 720 ng/mL are common in long-term liver transplant patients. Dose reduction of 25% did not improve kidney function and was accompanied by immune activation.     

The natural history of renal function following orthotopic heart transplant

BACKGROUND: The outcome of solid organ transplantation has dramatically improved after the introduction of the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine. With the increasing longevity of heart transplant recipients, the long-term effects of cyclosporine on renal function have become more evident. The natural history of kidney function following orthotopic heart transplant is not well defined and long-term follow up studies are scant. METHODS: We conducted an observational study on patients who received a heart transplant at Saint Louis University Hospital between January 1, 1983 and December 31, 1988. Patients were followed up for 15 yr or until death whichever occurred first. In order to assess the effect of heart transplantation and cyclosporine exposure on long-term renal function we restricted the statistical analysis to patients who survived the first year post-transplantation. RESULTS: A total of 68 patients received orthotopic heart transplants at Saint Louis University Hospital between 1983 and 1988. Forty-eight (71%) patients survived for more than 1 yr. All patients were treated with cyclosporine based triple immunosuppressive regimen, with gradual cyclosporine dose reduction over time. The mean duration of follow-up was 8 yr. The estimated GFR at 5 and 10 yr post-transplant were significantly lower than estimated GFR at baseline and 1 yr post-transplant. There was no significant difference between estimated GFR at 15 yr and estimated GFR at baseline or 1 yr post-transplant. The cumulative incidence of chronic renal failure (GFR < or = 29 mL/min/1.73 m2) at 5, 10 and 15 yr was 4.2, 10.4 and 12.5%, respectively (p < 0.05). The cumulative incidence of severe chronic renal failure (GFR < or = 15 mL/min/1.73 m2) at 5, 10 and 15 yr was 2.1, 8.3 and 8.3%, respectively. The mortality rate was 8, 37, and 52% at 5, 10, and 15 yr, respectively. The 10 and 15 yr survivors had an estimated GFR at 1 yr post-transplant that was significantly higher than the non-survivors. Age, pre-transplantation estimated GFR, pre-transplantation diabetes and pre-transplantation hypertension are risk factors associated with > or = 10 mL/min/1.73 m2 decrement in estimated GFR. CONCLUSION: Heart transplant survivors beyond the first year post-transplant have a significant decrease in renal function and significant mortality observed over time. Age, pre-transplant GFR, pre-transplant diabetes and pre-transplant hypertension are important risk factors for decrement in renal function.     

Variable incidence of cyclosporine and FK-506 neurotoxicity in hematopoeitic malignancies and marrow conditions after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Introduction: This study examines whether malignant disease under treatment influences the incidence of cyclosporine or FK-506 neurotoxicity after myeloablative conditioning and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT). Methods: Review of 290 patients who received myeloablative conditioning prior to allo-BMT and cyclosporine/FK-506 identified 21 (7.2%) patients with neurotoxicity confirmed by computed tomography or magnetic resonance. Underlying malignancy necessitating allo-BMT included leukemias (67%), lymphoma (10%), myelodysplastic syndrome (10%), and multiple myeloma (MM). Frequency of neurotoxicity by disease was compared. Results: The highest incidence of neurotoxicity was present with MM (25%), whereas the lowest incidence was present with lymphoma (2.7%). Other diseases demonstrated intermediate incidence, including acute leukemias (10%), myelodysplastic syndrome (6.4%), and chronic myelogenous leukemia (4.9%). Conclusion: Cyclosporine/FK-506 neurotoxicity varied according to the underlying malignancy. The variable susceptibility to the development of neurotoxicity in this population may depend on the interaction of host vasculature with disease specific factors. Understanding the cause of neurotoxicity could improve survival after allo-BMT.     

Improved long-term allograft function in pediatric renal transplantation with mycophenolate mofetil

MMF has been shown to decrease the incidence of acute rejection in children and adults at 1 and 3 yr. Other beneficial effects of MMF have been more difficult to demonstrate. Our open-labeled study presents a 5-yr data for patients and graft survival, allograft function, and growth in MMF-treated patients. The trial included 29 patients who were treated with MMF in combination with cyclosporine and methylprednisone. Patients were compared with a preceding group of 29 patients treated with AZA instead of MMF. Patient and graft survival rate 5 yr after transplantation were 97 and 90% in the MMF group vs. 93 and 83% in the AZA group (p: NS). Acute rejection was 20.6% in the MMF group vs. 58.6% in the AZA group (p < 0.01). Chronic rejection was 10.3% in the MMF group and 25% in the AZA group (p: NS). The changes in the creatinine clearance from baseline to 5 yr (Delta) were different between groups (-6.0 +/- 5.1 mL/min/1.73 m(2) in the MMF group vs. -22.2 +/- 7.6 mL/min/1.73 m(2) in the AZA group, p < 0.05). Also, the slope of 1/Scr showed a significant lower incidence of worsening renal function after the second year of renal transplantation (p < 0.0001) in the MMF group compared with the AZA group. Delta Height SDS in prepubertal patients was 0.3 +/- 0.4 SDS in the MMF group vs. -0.8 +/- 0.2 SDS in the AZA group (p < 0.05). This study shows that long-term MMF therapy has resulted in a decrease in acute rejection and was associated with a protection against renal function deterioration. The use of MMF enables a reduction in the dose of steroids and leads to a linear growth improvement of children after renal transplantation.