中国卫生应急管理体系建设调查分析

目的了解当前省、市和县三级以"一案三制"为主的卫生应急管理体系建设情况,为加强中国卫生应急管理体系建设提供依据。方法于2013年采用横断面调查方法,对全国省、市和县级卫生应急管理体系建设中的政策保障、预案制定、法制建设、机制建设和指挥决策系统进行调查。结果省、市和县卫生应急管理体系建设均值百分比分别为83.1%、72.0%和65.8%;省级东部、中部和西部分别为84.8%、84.8%和80.1%,市级为77.1%、73.0%和66.9%,县级为68.6%、65.4%和60.5%。结论中国各省、市、县级各医疗卫生机构卫生应急管理体系建设总体提高的同时仍存在较大的行政级别差异和区域差异,基层和西部地区仍将是重点。     

Why do we not want to recommend influenza vaccination to young children? A qualitative study of Australian parents and primary care providers

IntroductionInfluenza vaccination has been shown to be safe and effective against influenza and in the prevention of complicating secondary respiratory illnesses. However, its uptake in young children remains low. This study explored the views, attitudes and practices of parents and primary care providers (PCPs) on their knowledge and acceptance of influenza vaccination in children under 5.MethodsUsing a cross-sectional qualitative research design, we conducted 30 in-depth interviews with PCPs (i.e., general practitioners, practice nurses, maternal and child health nurses, and pharmacists) and five focus groups with parents (n = 50) between June 2014 and July 2015 in Melbourne, Australia. Data were thematically analysed.ResultsParents thought the vaccine could cause influenza, and influenza vaccination was not necessary for their children as they needed to build their own ‘immunity’. Parents said that they would consider vaccinating their children if recommended by their GP and if the influenza vaccine was part of the immunisation schedule. PCPs also expressed concerns regarding the efficacy of the vaccine as well as out-of-pocket costs incurred by families, and uncertainty regarding the mortality and morbidity of influenza in otherwise healthy children. However, they said they would recommend the vaccine to high-risk groups (e.g. children with chronic disease(s), and asthma).ConclusionDespite the established safety of influenza vaccines, barriers to uptake include concerns regarding the iatrogenic effects of vaccination, its administration schedule, and knowledge of influenza severity. Updated information on influenza and the efficacy of the vaccine, and incorporating influenza vaccination into the immunisation schedule may overcome some of these barriers to increase influenza vaccination in this vulnerable cohort.     

The effect of core framework designs on the fracture loads of all-ceramic fixed partial dentures on posterior implants

This study evaluated the fracture loads of three-unit all-ceramic bridges on implants; the core frameworks of the bridges were made of zirconium oxide. Three core framework designs were fabricated according to the design of the bars between the retainers: (i) straight, (ii) curved in the occlusal direction, or (iii) curved in the gingival direction. A static load was applied at the centre of the pontic, and the mean initial crack and final fracture loads were measured and compared. The core framework curved in the occlusal direction had the highest final fracture loads; there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the mean final fracture load, whereas initial fracture load, which fractured of veneered porcelain, did not show significant differences among three designs. The all-ceramic bridges on the implants made with Procera zirconium core frameworks had high final fracture load. The core framework design that curved in the occlusal direction helped the framework withstand the occlusal load, which results in reliable prostheses, especially in the molar region.     

The COVID‐19 pandemic: considerations for resuming normal colorectal services

This European Society of Coloproctology guidance focuses on a proposed conceptual framework to resume standard service in colorectal surgery. The proposed conceptual framework is a schematic and stepwise approach including: in‐depth assessment of damage to non‐COVID‐19‐related colorectal service; the return of service (integration with the COVID‐19‐specific service and the existing operational continuity planning); safety arrangements in parallel with minimizing downtime; the required support for staff and patients; the aftermath of the pandemic and continued strategic planning. This will be dynamic guidance with ongoing updates using critical appraisal of emerging evidence. We will welcome input from all stakeholders (statutory organizations, healthcare professionals, public and patients). Any new questions, new data and discussion are welcome via https://www.escp.eu.com/guidelines .     

A cross-sectional investigation of fatigue in advanced renal cell carcinoma treatment: Results from the FAMOUS study

ObjectiveWith an increasing choice of new treatment options, the management of side effects to maintain a chosen treatment if likely to be effective on the tumor remains important. The perception of side effects however varies between the physician and the patient, leading to possible wrong assumptions on tolerability that result in dose modifications, which may ultimately affect effectiveness. The aim was to assess fatigue in patients with advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by comparing the evaluation of the physician to the one provided by their respective patient. In addition, we aimed to assess possible influences of fatigue on parameters of quality of life.MethodsPatients receiving systemic treatment for advanced RCC and their physicians were questioned independently regarding incidence and severity of fatigue and its effect on quality of life.ResultsBoth physicians and patients completed 98 matching questionnaires. Patients were treated with sunitinib, sorafenib, bevacizumab combined with interferon alpha, temsirolimus, everolimus, or interferon alpha alone. Incidence and severity of fatigue was differently assessed by patients and physicians, with fatigue being more severe when reported by the patient. The severity of fatigue increased with progressing treatment lines. Quality of life was significantly lower in patients experiencing fatigue compared with patients without fatigue. Emotional, functional, and physical well-being were all affected by fatigue, the latter being the most affected subscale. Social well-being was least affected.ConclusionFatigue is a complex and cumulative condition of patients treated for advanced RCC, and it considerably affects patient's quality of life. As many of its underlying causes may be treated, the divergent perception of occurrence and severity of fatigue should be integrated in treatment concepts. The active role of the patient in helping to manage ailments through assessment should be implemented when optimizing treatment of RCC.     

我国儿童基本药物政策框架设计

目的:为促进我国儿童基本药物相关工作提供参考。方法:比较四版《世界卫生组织(WHO)儿童基本药物示范目录》、《母亲和儿童的重点药物目录》和我国《国家基本药物目录》中收录的儿童基本药物的情况,提出构建我国儿童基本药物的政策框架的设计思路。结果与结论:我国儿童基本药物和有儿童用药信息的基本药物品种、数量都较少,现状堪忧。我国可借鉴WHO的经验,根据我国儿童疾病谱制定儿童基本药物目录和配套的标准处方集,并统一儿童基本药物的包装标志,落实配套政策,以推动我国儿童基本药物的发展。     

6种骨架材料对维拉帕米的缓释效果研究

目的:为维拉帕米选择不同的骨架材料制备缓释片提供参考。方法:分别以羟丙基甲基纤维素K100M、海藻酸钠420、乙基纤维素M70、复配辅料聚醋酸乙烯酯/聚乙烯吡咯烷酮混合物、硬脂酸、氢化蓖麻油为骨架材料,按《中国药典》盐酸维拉帕米缓释片项下对累积释放度的相应要求确定上述6种缓释骨架材料对应的载药量,制备盐酸维拉帕米缓释片;以蒸馏水为介质,桨法释放,紫外分光光度法在229 nm波长处测定6种缓释片12 h内的累积释放度。结果:6种缓释片的载药量分别为50%、50%、25%、50%、18%、37.5%,12 h的累积释放度分别为81.3%、89.3%、82.7%、88.1%、92.8%、83.5%。结论:6种骨架材料均有缓释作用,综合载药量和累积释放度考虑,海藻酸钠420作为维拉帕米的缓释骨架材料效果更为理想。