儿童系统性红斑狼疮患儿甲状腺相关抗体检测的临床意义

目的探讨儿童系统性红斑狼疮(cSLE)患儿甲状腺相关抗体检测对发现甲状腺损伤及自身免疫性甲状腺炎(AITD)的临床意义。方法选择2017年1月至2021年8月,在首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院风湿免疫科住院治疗的50例初发cSLE患儿为研究对象,并纳入cSLE组。同时选取在本院体检中心进行体检的50例健康儿童纳入对照组。回顾性分析2组受试儿的一般临床资料和甲状腺相关抗体阳性率,并对cSLE组患儿的临床特征、甲状腺相关抗体阳性率、甲状腺损伤情况、治疗和随访情况进行分析。采用电化学发光法检测促甲状腺素受体抗体(TRAb)、甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb)、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)。本研究遵循的程序符合2013年修订的《世界医学协会赫尔辛基宣言》要求,与所有受试儿监护人签署临床研究知情同意书。结果①2组受试儿性别构成比、年龄等一般临床资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。②cSLE组50例患儿中,年龄为4~15岁[(11.0±2.5)岁],均无甲状腺疾病家族史。所有患儿首诊时系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)病情活动评分(SLEDAI-2k)均>5分,仅1例以甲状腺损伤表现起病。50例cSLE患儿中TRAb、TgAb和TPOAb呈阳性分别为6例(12.0%)、18例(36.0%)、20例(40.0%)。对cSLE不同病情活动度患儿的甲状腺相关抗体阳性率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。③cSLE组患儿的3种甲状腺相关抗体阳性率均高于对照组,2组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。④cSLE组50例患儿中,13例(26.0%,13/50)诊断为AITD,包括12例(24.0%,12/50)桥本甲状腺炎(HT)和1例(1/50,2.0%)毒性弥漫性甲状腺肿(GD);2例(2/50,4.0%)诊断为甲状腺功能减退症(亚临床型);9例(9/50,18.0%)患儿虽然甲状腺相关抗体呈阳性,但是无甲状腺疾病症状,并且甲状腺功能及超声检查结果均正常;其余26例无甲状腺损伤。⑤50例患儿均使用糖皮质激素联合免疫抑制剂治疗,于治疗6~18个月后cSLE病情缓解(SLEDAI-2k评分<5分)。对13例cSLE合并AITD的患儿,部分给予补充左甲状腺素或口服甲巯咪唑治疗,随访6~48个月时症状消失,甲状腺功能恢复正常,甲状腺相关抗体转阴,甚至停药。对2例cSLE合并甲状腺功能减退症而甲状腺相关抗体呈阴性的患儿,给予口服左甲状腺素治疗后,随着其原发病的缓解,甲状腺素片减量,随访期间甲状腺相关抗体未转阳。结论cSLE患儿发生甲状腺损伤较常见,多为AITD,其中又以HT为主,但是多数甲状腺损伤表现隐匿。因此,对于cSLE患儿,特别是活动期患儿,无论其是否为重度疾病活动度,除检测甲状腺功能外,均应该常规检测甲状腺相关抗体,早期发现甲状腺损伤。一旦发现甲状腺损伤,应以积极控制原发病为主,对症予左甲状腺素或甲巯咪唑等治疗,随着患儿cSLE疾病的缓解,其甲状腺相关抗体可转阴,甲状腺功能可恢复。     

改良Coombs试验对诊断自身免疫性溶血性贫血的价值

目的：比较经典Coombs试验、改良Coombs试验、单抗Coombs分型试验,寻找更灵敏的方法诊断自身免疫性溶血性贫血（AIHA）。方法：对45例临床怀疑为AIHA病人依次进行经典Coombs试验、改良Coombs试验、单抗Coombs分型试验。结果：5例经过临床观察及相关检查发现为其它疾病;30例经典Coomb试验（ ）;36例改良Coombs试验IgG( );40例单抗Coombs分型试验（ ）;IgG1( )患最多（27例,为总数,下同）,IgG3( )其次（20例）,IgG2( )较少（14例）,IgG4( )最少（9例）,1例未检出任何亚型。还发现经典Coombs试验灵,敏度为75.5%,改良Coombs试验灵敏度为90.0%,单抗Coombs分型试验灵敏2度为97.5%。结论：温抗体IgG4种亚型主要为IgG1,某些病例可见IgG3,IgG2少见,IgG4罕见;单抗Coombs分型试验比经典Coombs试验及改良Coombs试验敏感。     

Localized Bullous Pemphigoid Following Orthopedic Surgery

Bullous pemphigoid is an autoimmune condition whereby the immune system forms antibodies that target the skin, resulting in the formation of blisters in a generalized and symmetric pattern. Localized bullous pemphigoid can occur in special circumstances. Here, we describe two patients that developed localized bullous pemphigoid in one lower extremity following orthopedic surgery. We propose that underlying edema following orthopedic surgery is a potential trigger for localized bullous pemphigoid.     

Immunopathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the sicca symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth. Glandular dysfunction is thought to arise from destruction associated with lymphocytic infiltration. The degree of glandular destruction, however, does not correlate with the severity of sicca symptoms, suggesting that other mechanisms are involved, including abnormalities in parasympathetic neurotransmission. Autoantibodies against the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor have been implicated in this process, but multiple other autoantibodies have been found. Cytokines elaborated in the inflammatory lesions also appear to be involved and dysregulation of apoptosis are also involved in the pathogenesis of SS. A new two-stage model of SS has been proposed. First, there is a lymphocyte-independent phase during which inappropriate apoptosis results in the generation of apoptotic autoantigens which then attract lymphocytes. Subsequently, in the second lymphocyte-dependent phase, an immune attack causes further cell death and salivary dysfunction. Although the disease generally takes a rather stable and benign course, patients with SS have a significant risk of developing B cell lymphoma.     

流式细胞术检测红细胞相关抗体及临床应用

目的：建立流式细胞术（FCM）检测红细胞相关抗体(EAIg)的方法,以用于EAIg的检测,定量和分型。方法：利用流式细胞仪和抗人IgG,IgA,IgM单克隆抗体检测EAIg及亚型。结果：免疫性溶血贫血（IHA）患者IgG( )红细胞百分率显著高于正常组（P＜0．05）,IgA,IgM阳性率也均达20．7％,本法结合单特异性抗C3血清可对IHA行进一步免疫学分型。结论：FCM对EAIg进行定测定及分型,方法灵敏、结果客观、对IHA的确诊具有较大价值。     

自身免疫溶血性贫血红细胞抗体免疫分型

对 18例自身免疫溶血性贫血 ,行红细胞抗体免疫分型分析 ,并以血红蛋白量 ,网织红细胞绝对值及游离血红蛋白量作为贫血、溶血严重度的参数 ,结果得到如下类型 :lgG型、lgM型、C3型、lgG +C3型、lgG +lgM +C3型、lgG +lgM +lgA +C3型 ,其中以lgG +C3型为主。由于各型造成红细胞破坏的机理不尽相同 ,因而造成贫血、溶血的严重度也存在差异 ,lgG +lgM +C3和lgG +C3阳性的患者溶血及贫血最为严重 ,而单纯C3型及lgG型则较轻。认为型别及型变与本病的严重度及预后转归有关。     

Expression of an ovalbumin-specific V{beta}8.2 TCR transgene inhibits collagen arthritis in B10.Q mice

Previous studies have illustrated the importance of T cellsbearing ß TCRs in the induction and development ofcollagen induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. However, the scopeof TCR usage in CIA has yet to be clearly defined. Given theinherent diversity of the TCR repertoire, the relative flexibilityof the arthritogenic TCR repertoire specific for type II collagen(CII) is not clear. Therefore, we chose to examine the influenceof a highly skewed TCR repertoire on CIA. Arthritis susceptibleB10.Q (H-2^q) mice were mated with C57L (H-2^b) animals expressingan ovalbuminspecific V_ß8.2 TCR transgene (Tg) andTg⁺ offspring were further backcrossed to B10.Q. HomozygousH-2^a/q, V_ß8.2 Tg⁺ mice displayed a high level of V_ß8.2⁺T cells in peripheral blood. However, expression of some endogenousV_ß TCR, such as V_ß14, was still detected.Upon immunization with bovine CII in adjuvant, V_ß8.2Tg⁺ mice were highly resistant to CIA when compared with Tg^–littermates. Analysis of sera demonstrated a marked reductionin antibody specific for homologous mouse CII as well as heterologousbovine CII in Tg⁺ animals. Interestingly, V_ß8.2 Tg⁺mice still mounted good antibody responses following immunizationwith human thyroglobulin, indicating that the skewed TCR repertoireaffected anti-CII but not antithyroglobulin responses. Thus,our findings show that constraints placed on the TCR repertoireInhibit pathogenic responses against CII and suggest that inH-2^q mice the arthritogenlc TCR repertoire bears only limitedflexibility.     

Regulatory T cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. I. Frequency and specificity analysis in normal and immune rats of a T cell subset that inhibits disease

We have shown previously that administration of myelin basic protein (MBP)-reactive T cells to naive Lewis rats induces not only autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) but also a near total resistance to subsequent disease. By isolating the effector cells that are responsible for the resistance, we demonstrated that disease protection paralleled with increased numbers of a CD8+ regulatory T cell (RTC) subset and that co-injection of this RTC subset with encephalitogenic T cells aborted the pathogenic activity of the latter cells. Here, we show that a radio-sensitive splenic population of RTC also exists in naive rats that can be recruited and activated to inhibit the onset of secondary episodes of adoptive EAE. In co-transfer experiments, this protective RTC subpopulation can be isolated to neutralize the pathogenic activity of stimulatory MBP-reactive T cells in vivo. We show that the frequency of RTC with specificity for MBP-reactive T cells in naive rats is two orders of magnitude higher than the frequency of MBP-specific precursors, the activity of RTC increases substantially with age and RTC frequencies increase as a consequence of immunization with MBP-reactive cells lines. In specificity studies, we show that RTC isolated from naive rats and RTC from animals primed with one MBP-reactive cell line show cross-reactive responses to a variety of different MBP-reactive T cell lines. However, following repeated stimulation with a given MBP line, these RTC display a more limited, clonotypic response to the selecting line and assume a uniform CD8 phenotype. Finally, functional studies with RTC indicate that proliferative and lytic specificities do not necessarily correlate and that activated rat RTC are especially lytic for a Fas-sensitive murine cell line.     

TGF—β上调在Wistar大鼠抑制EAMG发生中起重要作用

用AChR加CFA免疫大鼠后,Lewis大鼠出现典型的临床肌无力,而Wister,Furth(W.F)大鼠不出现任何症状。为阐明W。F大鼠对AChR耐受的机制,本文检测了表达IFN—γ,IL—4和TGF—β mRNA的MNC和肌肉AChR。结果表明,W。F大鼠免疫后第5.7周PILN中AChR诱导的IFN—γ mRNA表达细胞数比Lewis大鼠低,TGF—β mRNA表达细胞数比Lewis大鼠高,肌肉AChR含量比Lewis大鼠高。提示IFN—γ和TGF—β与EAMG的发生有关,TGF—β上调可抑制IFN—γmRNA表达,减少肌肉AChR丢失,进而预防和抑制EAMG发生。     

Definition and pathology of primary sclerosing cholangitis

Although primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is not a common disease, it is important in the differential diagnosis of hepatobiliary tract diseases in clinical practice. A diagnosis of PSC should be made only after the exclusion of similar diseases with well known etiologies or pathogeneses. In this review, the pathology of classical PSC and its variants or related diseases is highlighted. PSC is histologically characterized by progressive periductal fibrosis with luminal stenosis or obliteration, along with the formation of a fibrous core, as well as dilatation (cholangiectasis). Its etiology is unknown. Bacterial ascending cholangitis is superimposed on its long clinical course. Such a heterogeneous distribution of biliary lesions with biliary obliteration and cholangiectasis is responsible for the radiological demonstration of biliary abnormalities, particularly the beaded appearance. Sampling variability is common in needle or wedge biopsied specimens. As a result of biliary damage, the liver shows progressive cholestatic change followed by biliary fibrosis and cirrhosis, and this hepatic progression is divisible into four stages. There are several variants of PSC or related diseases, such as localized biliary sclerosis and stenosis, sclerosing cholangitis associated with inflammatory pseudotumor, and PSC-autoimmune hepatitis overlapping syndrome. Cholelithiasis, including secondary hepatolithiasis and, to a lesser degree, biliary carcinoma and dysplasia, are also known to develop at the perihilar bile ducts as a late complication of PSC. Received for publication on March 8, 1999; accepted on April 30, 1999