西沙诺丽通便和降糖作用的药效学研究

目的:观察西沙诺丽的通便和降糖的药效。方法:ICR小鼠,灌胃给予不同剂量的西沙诺丽冻干粉,观察对正常小鼠小肠运动和对盐酸洛哌丁胺导致便秘模型小鼠首粒排便时间、排便粒数及粪便重量的影响。观察西沙诺丽冻干粉对链脲佐菌素导致小鼠糖尿病模型和对正常大鼠血糖和糖耐量的影响。结果:西沙诺丽能够显著增加正常小鼠小肠推进率,可明显缩短盐酸洛哌丁胺导致便秘模型动物首次排便时间,能够显著增加模型动物排便次数和动物粪便重量。西沙诺丽能够显著降低链脲佐菌素导致糖尿病模型血糖水平,但是对正常大鼠血糖和糖耐量的没有明显影响。结论:西沙诺丽冻干粉具有通便和降糖作用。     

Hair mercury value and fish‐eating habit

Mercury levels in the hair segment close to the scalp were well correlated with fish‐eating habits for residents on a small island in the south of Japanese mainlands. Mercury levels changed in segmented hair samples along with the distance from the scalp. The time of sprouting of hair segment in which the mercury level showed the peak coincided well with the peak of catch of fish on the island.     

胰腺癌和慢性胰腺炎中弹性蛋白酶3B(ELA3B)基因甲基化状态检测

背景：DNA甲基化指DNA中的核苷酸与甲基基团共价结合，这是一种表观遗传修饰，在许多生物学过程中发挥重要作用。目的：探讨弹性蛋白酶3B（ELA3B）基因在胰腺癌中异常表达的潜在机制。方法：以逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）检测30例胰腺癌、20例慢性胰腺炎和10例正常胰腺组织中ELA3B mRNA的表达，以甲基化特异性PCR（MSP）检测该基因启动子区甲基化水平。结果：胰腺癌、慢性胰腺炎和正常胰腺组织ELA3B mRNA的表达率依次为46．7％、85．0％和100％。胰腺癌组织ELA3B基因启动子区甲基化指数（MI）显著高于慢性胰腺炎和正常胰腺组织（7．02±6．31对2．33±0．97和3．31±0．75．P〈0．05），其中ELA3B mRNA表达阴性胰腺癌组织的MI显著高于ELA3B mRNA表达阳性组织（11．83±7．82对3．82±1．18，P〈0．05）。结论：本实验首次检测了ELA3B基因在胰腺癌和慢性胰腺炎组织中的甲基化状态，首次揭示ELA3B基因启动子区高甲基化是导致该基因在胰腺癌组织中低表达的原因之一。     

Fatal Systemic Morbillivirus Infection in Bottlenose Dolphin,Canary Islands,Spain

A systemic morbillivirus infection was diagnosed postmortem in a juvenile bottlenose dolphin stranded in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean in 2005. Sequence analysis of a conserved fragment of the morbillivirus phosphoprotein gene indicated that the virus is closely related to dolphin morbillivirus recently reported in striped dolphins in the Mediterranean Sea.     

Exercise intervention in New Zealand Polynesian peoples with type 2 diabetes: Cultural considerations and clinical trial recommendations

The Maori and Pacific Islands peoples of New Zealand suffer a greater burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated comorbidities than their European counterparts. Empirical evidence supports the clinical application of aerobic and resistance training for effective diabetes management and potential remission, but few studies have investigated the effectiveness of these interventions in specific ethnic cohorts. We recently conducted the first trial to investigate the effect of prescribed exercise training in Polynesian people with T2DM. This article presents the cultural considerations undertaken to successfully implement the study. The research procedures were accepted and approved by cultural liaisons and potential participants. The approved methodology involved a trial evaluating and comparing the effects of two, 16-week exercise regimens (i.e. aerobic training and resistance training) on glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), related diabetes markers (i.e. insulin resistance, blood lipids, relevant cytokines and anthropometric and hemodynamic indices) and health-related quality of life. Future exercise-related research or implementation strategies in this cohort should focus on cultural awareness and techniques to enhance participation and compliance. Our approach to cultural consultation could be considered by researchers undertaking trials in this and other ethnic populations suffering an extreme burden of T2DM, including indigenous Australians and Americans.     

Drug-resistant malaria parasites introduced into Madagascar from Comoros Islands

To determine risk for drug-resistant malaria parasites entering Madagascar from Comoros Islands, we screened travelers. For the 141 Plasmodium falciparum isolates detected by real-time PCR, frequency of mutant alleles of genes associated with resistance to chloroquine and pyrimethamine was high. International-level antimalarial policy and a regional antimalarial forum are needed.     

Frequency of the hemochromatosis HFE mutations C282Y, H63D, and S65C in blood donors in the Faroe Islands

The aim of the study was to assess the frequencies of the hereditary hemochromatosis HFE mutations C282Y, H63D, and S65C in the population in the Faroe Islands. The series comprised 200 randomly selected blood donors of Faroese heritage. The frequency of the C282Y, H63D, and S65C mutations on the HFE gene was assessed by genotyping using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and calculated from direct allele counting. We found no C282Y homozygous subjects; 28 (14.0%) subjects were C282Y heterozygous and four subjects were C282Y/H63D compound heterozygous (2.0%). The C282Y allele frequency was 8.0% (95% CI 5.3–10.7%). The series contained three (1.5%) H63D homozygous subjects and 60 (30.0%) H63D heterozygous subjects. The H63D allele frequency was 17.5% (95% CI 13.8–21.2%). There were four (2.0%) S65C heterozygous subjects. The S65C allele frequency was 1.0% (95% CI 0.3–2.5%). The frequency of the C282Y mutation is high in Faroese blood donors, being close to and not significantly different from the frequencies reported in other Scandinavian countries: Denmark 5.7%, Norway 6.6%, Iceland 5.1%, and Sweden 6.1%. The frequency of the H63D mutation in Faroese subjects is significantly higher than the frequency in Denmark 12.8% (p=0.007), Iceland 10.9% (p=0.003), and Sweden 12.4% (p=0.015), but not from the frequency in Norway 11.2% (p=0.063). The frequency of the S65C mutation in Faroese subjects is not significantly different from the frequencies in Denmark 1.5% and Sweden 1.6%. Screening of larger groups of the Faroese population for HFE mutations especially C282Y should be considered in order to establish the penetrance.     

南澎列岛现场应用灭鼠防霉毒饵的试验研究

目的 验证灭鼠防霉毒饵的现场防霉和灭鼠效果，为南澎列岛的灭鼠和巩固灭鼠成果探索经验。方法 摄食性试验采用饵消耗法；防霉效果观察选择具代表性试验点，各投等量防霉饵和基饵大米，连续观察至全部霉变；现场灭鼠采取饱和投毒法，灭效评价采用饵消耗法和粉迹法。结果 防霉饵的消耗率为53．40％，摄食系数为1．15。对照组大米在野外的战壕、灌丛、草地等试验点，经2－3d暴露后85％霉变，4d后100％霉变。防霉饵经4d暴露后，均未霉变，至5－6d后有少数霉变，7－11d全部霉变；在野外沙滩和室内，对照组大米保持5－7d不霉变，防霉饵则保持2周以上。饵消耗法和粉迹法灭鼠率分别达97．87％和97．67％。结论 南澎列岛鼠种群对防霉饵的接受性好，防霉毒饵的防霉效果显，灭鼠效果高，且有利于巩固灭鼠成果。     

Early Lapita skeletons from Vanuatu show Polynesian craniofacial shape: Implications for Remote Oceanic settlement and Lapita origins

With a cultural and linguistic origin in Island Southeast Asia the Lapita expansion is thought to have led ultimately to the Polynesian settlement of the east Polynesian region after a time of mixing/integration in north Melanesia and a nearly 2,000-y pause in West Polynesia. One of the major achievements of recent Lapita research in Vanuatu has been the discovery of the oldest cemetery found so far in the Pacific at Teouma on the south coast of Efate Island, opening up new prospects for the biological definition of the early settlers of the archipelago and of Remote Oceania in general. Using craniometric evidence from the skeletons in conjunction with archaeological data, we discuss here four debated issues: the Lapita–Asian connection, the degree of admixture, the Lapita–Polynesian connection, and the question of secondary population movement into Remote Oceania.The first human settlement of Vanuatu is indicated by the Lapita culture, whose earliest signature appears in the northwestern Melanesian islands toward the end of the interval 3,470–3,250 y B.P. or slightly later (1). The Lapita culture is defined by a set of artifacts including highly decorated pottery displaying a distinctive design system, long-distance exchanges of raw material and finished items, translocations of plants and animals, and the initial incursion of humans into the pristine island environments of Remote Oceania to the east of the main Solomon chain between 3,000 and 2,800 y B.P. (1, 2). In Vanuatu, as in the rest of Remote Oceania, Lapita quickly evolved, within 200–300 y, into distinctive local cultures in conjunction with increased population size and sedentism by the end of the Lapita period (3).The question of the biological nature of the Lapita populations is routinely approached with data collected from protohistoric/historic or extant populations used as proxies. Analysis of skull morphology and morphometrics of protohistoric/historic populations from Oceania shows a geographical pattern of variation, separating northern and southern Melanesia from western and eastern Polynesia (4–6). More generally, the results indicate two contrasting divisions, an Australo-Melanesian pole comprising groups from the western part of Remote Oceania (Island Melanesia) and an Asian pole including groups from the (far) eastern part of Remote Oceania (Polynesia). This pattern suggests separate origins for the indigenous inhabitants of these two regions. Evidence from inherited genetic markers indicates that the populations living today in Vanuatu and generally in the region first settled by Lapita groups share a common origin in an area that encompasses Island South East Asia, the north coast of New Guinea, and the Bismarck Archipelago (7–13). These populations display haplogroups attributed both to the Pleistocene settlement of the northern Melanesian/Near Oceanic region and to the Lapita diaspora, with chronological estimates based on genetic data. Geographical variations in haplotype frequencies distinguish the western part of the initial Lapita region from the eastern part, with a smaller diversity in the eastern populations in what is today Western Polynesia.Studies on Lapita skeletal morphology (14–20). In a recent biodistance study of mandibles from Watom (New Britain), Pietrusewsky et al. (16) conclude that “expectation that skeletons associated with the Lapita Cultural Complex, Early or Late Lapita, biologically resemble the modern-day inhabitants of Remote Oceania is not supported” and challenge “the prevailing orthodox view that the origin of Polynesians is associated with Lapita culture.” However, whether the few analyzed individuals represent initial “Lapita people” is open to question. Because they postdate the initial appearance of the Lapita culture in the region (20), they may actually reflect subsequent gene flow and migratory events within the Melanesian region, saying more “about the contemporary indigenous inhabitants of eastern Melanesia than … about the ancestors of the Polynesians,” as noted by Pietrusewsky et al. (18). Alternatively, the possibility that these late Lapita and (immediately) post-Lapita individuals derive directly from the initial “Lapita population” is not excluded, because heterogeneity among the early populations of the region and among the Lapita groups themselves might be expected (21–23).

Table S1.

List of Lapita specimens known so far