保留幽门胃切除术后胃排空功能障碍的原因及防治

保留幽门胃切除术(PPG)治疗早期胃癌(EGC)通过减少胃切除的范围、保留幽门、保留迷走神经能够显著改善患者术后生活质量,降低术后倾倒综合征、胆汁返流及胆石症的发生率。腹腔镜辅助保留幽门胃切除术(LAPPG)将微创理念及功能保留结合,具有低侵袭性,最低限度的小肠麻痹,术后早期康复等优势。然而,无论PPG或LAPPG,术后早期胃排空功能障碍(GEF)的发生率较高,表现为食物长期存留于残胃之中,病人通常有饱腹感。本文综述近几年行PPG术后胃排空功能障碍的相关研究进展,为临床一线外科医生行PPG或LAPPG治疗EGC时防治GEF提供参考建议。     

Developmental dysplasia of the hip screening during the lockdown for COVID-19: experience from Northern Italy

PurposeDevelopmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) ultrasound screening (USS), which is usually performed in Italy as an outpatient, was halted for an indefinite period in most centres during lockdown. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of COVID-19 on DDH-USS, in two paediatric orthopaedic centres in one of the most critical areas of the western World.MethodsAn academic teaching hospital and paediatric trauma centre (T) and a University hospital and DDH referral centre (H), classified as national COVID-19 hubs, were involved. Graf’s method was applied in both centres. In T, paediatricians directly referred only patients with delayed DDH-USS or suspicious unstable hips; in H, paediatricians or parents could directly refer to the screening service.ResultsThe mean age of the 95 patients (190 hips) who were referred for DDH-USS in T, was 3.85 months (0.1 to 7.4); 175 were type I, nine were type IIa (+ and -), five type D and one type IV. In H, the screened patients in 2020 were only 78% of the same period in 2019. A total of 28 patients with 32 hips (8 IIb, 5 IIc, 8 D, 11 III) had late diagnosis at a mean age of 114 days (96 to 146). In the same period in 2019 only eight patients with 11 hips (8 IIb, 1 D, 1 III, 1 IV) at a mean age of 142 days (92 to 305) had late diagnosis.ConclusionDDH-USS was the only screening in newborns which halted during lockdown. Few centres, which still performed diagnosis and treatment, were overloaded causing a delay in DDH management.Level of evidenceIV.     

Algorithmic Approach to Fibroinflammatory Sinonasal Tract Lesions

Fibroinflammatory lesions of the sinonasal tract are one of the most common head and neck lesions submitted to surgical pathology. When the fibroinflammatory pattern represents the lesion (i.e., not surface reactive ulceration), an algorithmic approach can be useful. Separated into reactive, infectious, and neoplastic, and then further divided based on common to rare, this logical progression through a series of differential considerations allows for many of these lesions to be correctly diagnosed. The reactive lesions include chronic rhinosinusitis and polyps, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and eosinophilic angiocentric fibrosis. Infectious etiologies include acute invasive fungal rhinosinusitis, rhinoscleroma, and mycobacterial infections. The neoplastic category includes lobular capillary hemangioma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, and NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. Utilizing patterns of growth, dominant cell types, and additional histologic features, selected ancillary studies help to confirm the diagnosis, guiding further clinical management.     

Diagnostic accuracy of Raman spectroscopy for prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundAlthough various studies have been conducted to demonstrate the possibility of Raman spectroscopy (RS) as a diagnostic tool for prostate cancer (PC), it is difficult to use it in the real clinical area because of imitations in various research processes. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis about the accuracy in diagnostic use of RS for PC.MethodsA literature search was done using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library databases in March 2019 to analyze the accuracy of RS for diagnosis of PC. The accuracy of RS for diagnosis of PC was evaluated by means of pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC).ResultsFive studies were included for qualitative analysis by screening the remaining articles according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria by means of a systematic review. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of RS were 0.89 (95% CI: 0.87–0.91) and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.89–0.93), respectively. The overall PLR and NLR were 9.12 (95% CI: 4.15–20.08) and 0.14 (95% CI: 0.07–0.29), respectively. The DOR of RS demonstrated high accuracy (73.32; 95% CI: 18.43–291.73). The area under the curves (AUCs) of SROC curves was 0.93.ConclusionsRS is an optical diagnostic method with high potential for diagnosis and grading of PC and has advantages of real-time and convenient use. In order to consider real-time use of RS in an actual clinical setting, more studies for standardization and generalization of RS performance and analytical method must be conducted.     

2019冠状病毒病待排患者临床特征分析及鉴别诊断体会

目的　总结2019冠状病毒病（coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19）待排患者的临床特征和鉴别诊断体会,提高COVID-19的诊断技能。方法　回顾性分析53例COVID-19待排患者的临床资料,包括流行病学史,以及白细胞计数、淋巴细胞计数、PLT、CRP、LDH、胸部高分辨CT（high resolution CT, HRCT）等检查结果。结果　本研究的53例COVID-19待排患者中,男32例,女21例;年龄15～79岁,平均年龄（53.5±8.4）岁。首诊时病程为1～12 d不等,病程中位数4 d。所有患者均否认COVID-19流行病学史。21例患者具有慢性基础病。首发症状主要为发热、乏力、咳嗽、咳痰、咽痛等。实验室检查外周血白细胞计数多为正常或减少;部分患者LDH、ALT、CK升高。胸部HRCT均呈现多发小斑片影、磨玻璃影及间质改变,以肺外带明显。53例患者均经间隔至少24 h的2次新冠病毒核酸检测为阴性,排除COVID-19,诊断为轻症社区获得性肺炎（community acquired pneumonia, CAP）,经治疗后患者无发热及呼吸道症状。结论　COVID-19待排患者的临床表现以及肺部影像学与COVID-19相似,与CAP鉴别亦缺乏特异性;结合流行病学史以及新型冠状病毒核酸检测可以提高COVID-19诊断准确率。     

超声诊断在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结检查中的应用进展

乳腺癌疾病是当前发病率比较高的一种疾病,发病的人群也趋于年轻化。前哨淋巴结是原发肿瘤发生淋巴结转移所必经的第一批淋巴结,其可以作为阻止肿瘤细胞从淋巴道扩散的屏障,临床意义受到人们重视,腋窝淋巴结状态是衡量乳腺癌患者恢复情况的重要指标。随着当前乳腺癌手术方式的多样化,在处理乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结的相关问题过程中也有了新的认识。超声是当前临床上比较常见的用于检查乳腺癌前哨淋巴结的方法,本文针对其实际应用和研究情况进行综述,旨在为临床实践提供参考。     

基于床位效能评价优化综合医院床位配置的应用研究

目的 运用疾病诊断相关组（diagnosis related groups） DRG指标作为医院医疗服务能力评价指标,结合病床运行效率综合评价单位病床利用效能,为医院床位合理配置提供决策依据。方法 以某三级甲等医院2019年运行数据及DRG数据为基础,以病床周转次数及病床占用率绘制科室病床运行效率散点图;以单床年DRG权重为产出指标,结合科室病例组合指数（case mix index）CMI值绘制病床产出效能散点图; 结合运行效率及产出效率综合评价科室病床利用效能并将其分为A、B、C、D、E五类。分别利用病床工作效率指标及病床产出效率指标95%CI计算各科室病床数的合理区间。结果 39个临床科室中,病床利用效能综合评价为A类有5个科室、B类科室14个、C类科室3个、D类科室10个、E类科室7 个。 有6个科室实际开放床位较为合理,病床工作效率与病床产出效率判定结果均为合适,14个科室的判定结果均为偏多,5个科室的判定结果均为偏少,余14个科室的床位配置判定结果发生了变化。 结论 结合DRG指标与传统运行效率指标对医院科室床位利用效能进行综合评价兼顾了效率和质量,其结果更为全面、客观;可为医院调整内部结构,优化床位配置提供科学依据,助力医院精细化管理。     

人工智能在军事医学中的应用现状及展望

介绍了人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)在伤员搜救和管理、伤员救治、军事医学培训、医疗数据管理等军事医学领域中的应用现状,分析了AI在军事医学应用中存在的问题,指出了向强AI系统迈进、突出环境自适应性,紧跟AI技术发展、系统高度综合集成,大力发展数据库技术、确保产品应用价值是未来AI在军事医学中的发展方向。     

北京市东城区牙科X射线机性能及防护检测评价

目的 掌握北京市东城区牙科X射线机质量控制的基本状况,探讨辐射防护中存在的问题,为加强放射防护监管提供依据。方法 依据牙科X射线设备质量控制检测规范（WS 581—2017）对东城区18家医疗机构中的牙科X射线机进行检测和评价。结果 41台牙科X射线机总体合格率为92.68%,进口设备的合格率为100%,国产设备检测合格率为76.92%。6个性能检测指标中,“加载时间偏离”指标合格率为92.68%,“管电压指示的偏离”合格率为95.12%,其余性能指标合格率均为100%;机房防护水平全部合格。结论 北京市东城区牙科X射线机总体运行情况良好,但个别机构重视机房的放射防护,忽视口腔设备的质量控制检测。建议卫生行政部门、监管机构要加强对WS 581—2017标准的宣贯和普及力度,强化监督检查,加大处罚力度,提高各机构人员对牙科X射线机质量控制工作的重视程度,共同维护放射人员和公众的健康。