尾部悬吊与30月龄大鼠比目鱼肌的形态学特征比较

目的 观察尾部悬吊和30月龄大鼠比目鱼肌发生萎缩过程的异同点.方法 SD雄性大鼠42只,随机分为7组,即尾部悬吊5 d、7 d、14 d组,相应的同步对照和30月鼠龄组,在各时间点制备比目鱼肌横截面冰冻切片标本,用抗MHC Ⅱ单克隆抗体进行免疫组织化学染色,计算比目鱼肌Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维横截面积并计数各型肌纤维数目.结果 与同步对照组相比,悬吊组大鼠比目鱼肌的湿重,相对湿重,Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维横截面积,经体重归一化的肌纤维横截面积均显著降低,Ⅱ型肌纤维比例显著增加,而Ⅰ型肌纤维比例减少.与14 d对照组相比,30月龄组大鼠比目鱼肌湿重和Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维横截面积均明显增大,但其相对湿重和经体重归一化的肌纤维横截面积却显著降低,与悬吊14 d组无显著差异.30月龄组大鼠比目鱼肌中Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维比例与各对照组相比亦无显著差异.结论 30月龄大鼠比目鱼肌萎缩以首先出现相对湿重与归一化肌纤维横截面积降低为特征,且发生较慢,而尾部悬吊大鼠比目鱼肌则在较短时间内发生全面萎缩.     

Using Computer Simulated Results of a Bulk Drug Substance Assay to Determine Acceptance Criteria for Method Validation

Purpose. To determine the statistical variability expected for a well designed HPLC assay of a bulk drug substance (BDS). The results are used to develop appropriate acceptance criteria for a method validation protocol as well as to evaluate the level of uncertainty expected for assay results using a variety of sampling/injection schemes. Methods. Computer simulation was used to generate a large quantity of data and the variability of the mock results was evaluated. Error propagation was also calculated, whenever possible, to confirm results obtained from the simulations. Results. Protocol acceptance criteria were developed that were consistent with the expected variability for data resulting from the execution of the validation protocol. In certain cases simulations provided the only avenue of obtaining results that could not otherwise be readily determined. Conclusions. Computer modeling can be used to obtain suitable acceptance criteria for validation results which are consistent with method variability. This is particularly significant in the case of linearity where it has been difficult to develop acceptance criteria based on anything other than analyst intuition and experience. Assay simulations clearly demonstrated that the variability expected for a typical BDS assay is large relative to the average specification range and therefore little insight about relative purity can be gained comparing individual passing assay results.     

Introducing expert systems to medical students using esta, Expert System Teaching Aid

Medical students are allocated little curriculum time for exposure to expert systems. ESTA, a computer model of an expert system, was developed to make best use of this time. The nature of the students' interaction with ESTA is described, and their reactions to the expert system concepts and the place of expert systems in medicine are presented. A discussion of these reactions draws some conclusions about teaching expert systems in particular, and computers in general, in the basic medical course.     

Prototype system for an MR simulation of intracavitary brachytherapy for cervical cancer: Preliminary results in six cases

We report a newly developed MR simulation system for intracavitary brachytherapy for cervical cancer and subsequent treatment results. MR simulation was performed on six patients. The spatial relationship of the tumor to the bladder, rectum, bowel, applicators, etc. was depicted well. Doses to the tumor and surrounding normal tissues were read from isodose curves superimposed on the T2-weighted sagittal image. This system promises to be useful in customizing the dose distribution.     

头低位限制活动对家兔主要脏器微血管壁通透性的影响

本文报导了用40只白色短毛家兔所做的动物模拟失重实验,得出各脏器微血管通透性的动态反应曲线。并用微循环研究方法,分析了模拟失重时各脏器微血管功能状态与微血管通透性之间的关系;阐述了各脏器微循环功能变化特点;并对变化机理作了初步探讨。     

An algorithm for the automated quantitation of metabolites in in vitro NMR signals.

The quantitation of metabolite concentrations from in vitro NMR spectra is hampered by the sensitivity of peak positions to experimental conditions. The quantitation methods currently available are generally labor intensive and cannot readily be automated. Here, an algorithm is presented for the automatic time domain analysis of high-resolution NMR spectra. The TARQUIN algorithm uses a set of basis functions obtained by quantum mechanical simulation using predetermined parameters. Each basis function is optimized by subdividing it into a set of signals from magnetically equivalent spins and varying the simulated chemical shifts of each of these groups to match the signal undergoing analysis. A novel approach to the standard multidimensional minimization problem is introduced based on evaluating the fit resulting from different permutations of possible chemical shifts, obtained from one-dimensional searches. Results are presented from the analysis of (1)H proton magic angle spinning spectra of cell lines illustrating the robustness of the method in a typical application. Simulation was used to investigate the biggest peak shifts that can be tolerated.     

Sampling Patients Within and Across Health Care Providers: Multi-Stage Non-Nested Samples in Health Services Research

In order to better inform study design decisions when sampling patients within and across health care providers we develop a simulation-based approach for designing complex multi-stage samples. The approach explores the tradeoff between competing design goals such as precision of estimates, coverage of the target population and cost.We elicit a number of sensible candidate designs, evaluate these designs with respect to multiple sampling goals, investigate their tradeoffs, and identify the design that is the best compromise among all goals. This approach recognizes that, in the practice of sampling, precision of the estimates is not the only important goal, and that there are tradeoffs with coverage and cost that should be explicitly considered. One can easily add other goals. We construct a sample frame with all phase III clinical cancer treatment trials that are conducted by cooperative oncology groups of the National Cancer Institute from October 1, 1998 through December 31, 1999. Simulation results for our study suggest sampling a different number of trials and institutions than initially considered.Simulations of different study designs can uncover efficiency gains both in terms of improved precision of the estimates and in terms of improved coverage of the target population. Simulations enable us to explore the tradeoffs between competing sampling goals and to quantify these efficiency gains. This is true even for complex designs where the stages are not strictly nested in one another.     

颈动脉分叉血液动力状态的计算流体力学初步研究

目的应用计算流体力学（CFD）方法结合血管影像显示在体颈动脉分叉的血流动力状态.方法选取1例志愿者,采用Siemens多层螺旋CT机行左侧颈动脉CT血管成像检查（CTA）,扫描所得原始图像经计算机后处理后,用CFD方法计算并显示血液动力学各项指标.结果（1）该血管血液流率均值范围为0.04～0.36 m/s,颈外和颈内动脉的内侧壁（均以分叉顶点为参照）可见一高血流速区,球部可见较大片低血流速区;颈动脉分叉及颈内、外动脉近端均可见血液涡流与回流.（2）血液绝对压、静态压和动态压的均值范围分别为100 266.70～101 615.90 Pa、-10 58.34～290.88 Pa、6.12～553.25 Pa;（3）管壁切应力均值范围为0.59～5.35 Pa,在颈动脉球部及颈内动脉后壁显示大范围的低切应力区,最低约为0.25 Pa,颈外动脉前外侧壁存在一小范围低切应力区.结论CFD方法结合血管影像能计算并显示在体颈动脉分叉的个体化血液动力学指标.     

Development of computer-assisted simulation procedure to analyze receptor modulatory processes

Summary Experimentally induced changes in neurotransmitter receptors have been analyzed by means of a computer assisted simulation procedure over a wide range of free ligand concentrations. This approach allows to evaluate, for a given range of ligand concentrations, the relative influence of simultaneous variations in binding parameters (i.e. dissociation constant or K_d and in maximal number of binding sites or B_m) and to predict the net and final effect of the experimental condition on the receptor-mediated transmission line. The function representing the changes in bound values versus the respective free ligand concentrations, has been studied analytically on the basis of all the possible values that the percent changes in both K_d and B_m parameters induced by a given experimental condition can assume. A well characterized change in the pattern of bound radioligand could in this way be defined. This approach, developed to show in an immediate and clear way treatment-induce changes in receptor populations or to fit directly rough experimental data expressed as differences in bound values versus free ligand concentrations, seems to be an useful complement to the widely used saturation analysis of binding data.     

虚拟现实互动技术在交叉韧带等长重建计算机辅助设计中的应用

目的 利用虚拟现实技术还原膝关节骨性结构在屈伸运动过程中的三维空间形态，为观测膝关节面交叉韧带附丽区的相对位置变化和进一步研究前、后交叉韧带等长重建最佳等长点提供计算机辅助设计新方法。方法 采用实验与计算机仿真相结合的方法，对新鲜人体膝关节标本进行屈伸运动实验，并通过激光三维扫描方法记录、计算膝关节的空间活动指标，然后重建膝关节计算机三维模型。通过实验中的空间活动指标控制此模型虚拟运动，再现膝关节各屈伸角度下股骨、胫骨和腓骨的空间位置。结果 计算机还原出各运动角度下膝关节骨性结构（股骨、胫骨及关节面）的空间形态，利用软件Geomagic的几何计算功能可分别测量模型中各个运动状态交叉韧带附丽区两点间的三维空间距离。讨论本研究方法可以真实地记录和再现膝关节三维运动过程，从空间结构上更精确、合理地寻找重建等长点，对膝关节交叉韧带手术重建有重要临床意义。