渠县中小学生营养状况调查

目的了解渠县中小学生营养状况。方法按（1995年全国学生体质、健康监测细则》的要求进行身高和体重的测量,评价方法和标准按WHO推荐得身高标准体重法（全国学生营养评价标准）进行评定。结果对渠县7～18岁中小学生6003名进行营养状况调查,超重率为5．90％,肥胖率为3．46％,乡村学生高于城市学生,女生高于男生。结论中小学生营养过剩和营养不良,存在两个极端,应通过学校、家庭和社会对营养不良的学生进行膳食指导。     

Ascaris lumbricoides infection in urban schoolchildren: Specific IgE and IL-10 production

BackgroundHelminth infections and allergies are diseases with intense Th2 lymphocytes participation and characterised by a high IgE and Interleukin-(IL) IL-4, IL-5 production and eosinophilia. However, helminths also induce IL-10 production, which may alter the outcome of allergic diseases in infected patients.ObjectiveThis experimental study analyses the relationship between IL-10 production by cell culture from geohelminth infected and non-infected children and specific IgE to Ascaris lumbricoides (Asc) or Blomia tropicalis (BT).MethodsIL-10 content in supernatant from peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture from nine helminth infected and eleven non-infected patients was determined by ELISA after in vitro stimulation with Asc or BT extracts.ResultsA positive association was observed between total IgE levels and anti-Ascaris and anti-Blomia tropicalis specific IgE, independent of infection status. For both helminth-infected and non-infected groups, there was no difference in IL-10 production in response to Asc extract, even though anti-Ascaris IgE levels were higher in the latter group. In response to BT stimulus, a lower production of IL-10 by the geohelminth-infected group was observed, but with no relationship between IL-10 production and specific IgE to BT.ConclusionThe results suggest that anti-Ascaris IgE in non-infected patients may be associated to a resistance to parasites. Levels of specific IgE to parasite antigens or B. tropicalis allergen were not impaired by IL-10 production in children from an urban area in which geohelminthiasis is endemic.     

不同碘摄入量对农村学龄儿童甲状腺疾病及智商水平的影响

目的 了解不同摄入量地区儿童甲状腺功能和智商水平,探讨高碘对儿童的影响。方法 在低碘报 量的辽宁盘山地区[尿碘中位数（MUI）为99μg/L],中度碘摄入量的辽宁彰武地区（MUI为338μg/L）,高碘摄入量的河北黄骅地区（MUI为631μg/L）分别选择190、236和313名儿童进行中国联合型瑞文智力测验,对其中的116、110和112名儿童进行甲状腺功能,甲头腺自身抗体（TAA）和尿碘测定。结果 盘山、武、黄骅地区临床甲状腺功能亢进症（甲亢）、亚临床甲亢和临床甲状腺功能减低症（甲减）患病率比较差异无显著意义,但是亚临床甲减的患病率差异有显著意义（P＝0.001）,黄骅和彰武亚临床甲减患病率分别是盘山的4.76倍和3.37倍,所有这些亚临床甲减病人血清TAA除1例阳性外,其他均为阴性。甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（TPOAb）和甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TGAb）阳性率3个地区之间比较差异无显著意义。黄骅地区血清甲状腺球蛋白（TG）值显著高于其他2个地区（P＝0.0157）,彰武高于盘山,但差异无显著意义。黄骅儿童智商值明显高于彰武（P＝0.0012）,盘山儿童智商值高于彰武,低于黄骅,但差异无显著意义。结论 高碘摄量使儿童患亚临床甲减的危险性增加,高碘地区儿童亚临床甲减多数是非自身免疫源性的。未发现高碘对儿童智力发育的影响。     

RISK INDICATORS AND RISK PREDICTORS OF DENTAL CARIES IN SCHOOLCHILDREN

The purpose of this study was to identify risk indicators of high caries level at baseline (HCLB) based on cross-sectional data and predictors of high caries increment (HCI) based on a 7-year-follow-up examination in 6-8-year-old schoolchildren. Two hundred and six schoolchildren were examined in 1997 and in 2004 by the same two calibrated dentists, in Piracicaba, Brazil. At baseline, dental caries, presence of sealants, fluorosis, and oral hygiene status were recorded. The children''s parents completed a questionnaire concerning socioeconomic level, fluoride use, dental service utilization, dietary and oral hygiene habits. HCLB and HCI were defined considering the upper quartile of the total caries experience distribution (dmfs+DMFS) and caries increment distribution, respectively. Logistic regression models were adjusted estimating the Odds Ratio (OR), 95% confidence intervals and p-values. Having white spot lesions (OR=5.25) was found to be a risk indicator of HCLB. Schoolchildren with dental fluorosis (OR=0.17) or those who brushed the teeth more than two times a day (OR=0.37) presented less probability of HCLB. The predictors of HCI were: dmfs>0 (OR=2.68) and mothers'' educational level up to 8 years of schooling (OR=2.87). Clinical and socioeconomic variables were found to be risk indicators and/or predictors of dental caries in schoolchildren.     

Thyroid volume by ultrasound in boys and girls 6–16 years of age under marginal iodine deficiency as related to the age of puberty

Summary The results of thyroid volume estimation with the aid of ultrasound in a total of 921 boys and girls 6–16 years of age are reported. The thyroid volume was found to be increasing slowly between the age of 6 and 12 years, but somewhat more remarkable increase occurred at 13 and 14 years of age. However, in both sexes it was nearly doubled at the age of 15–16 years as compared with the values at 13–14 years irrespective of body weight. The thyroid growth rate (as calculated from the least squares analysis of the correlation between thyroid volume and body weight) in girls was significantly higher (P< 0.001) than in boys. In spite of long-term mandatory iodine prophylaxis the average urinary excretion of iodine as estimated in 69 randomly selected subjects was 78.06 g/g creatinine (geometrical mean). It may be suggested that such intake of iodine, though marginally deficient, may be satisfactory up to the age of about 12–14 years, while it appeared to be inadequate for the adolescents at the age of puberty.     

浙江省儿童碘营养水平现状调查

为了解浙江省儿童碘营养水平的现状,进一步掌握全省消除碘缺乏病的进展和防治效果,1999年我们按照《全国缺乏病防治监测方案》要求,采用PPS抽样方法在全省范围内抽取30个县（市、区）各一所中心小学的40名8－10岁儿童进行碘营养水平调查。结果表明,1200份学生家中盐碘中位数40.3mg/kg,其中合格碘盐1013份,合格率为84.42%;1200名8－10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率,触诊为6.40%,B超为7.17%;360份尿碘中位数为207.0ug/L,其中高于100ug/L的有291份占80.83%(291/360);816份新生儿脐带血TSH水平中位数为2.78mIU/L,其中低于5mIU/L 的有682份占83.58%;碘缺乏病健康教育问卷600份,5年级学生组及格率为88.17%,150份家庭主妇组及格率为100％。1999年各项监测指标较1995年和1997年均有明显变化,表明浙江省儿童近期碘营养水平得到显改善。     

学龄期儿童行为问题与生物学因素及家庭环境因素关系的研究

目的:分析学龄期儿童行为问题与母孕期、围生期、婴幼儿期不良生物学因素及家庭环境因素的关系.方法:采用问卷调查方法获得相关数据并分析其关系.结果:儿童行为问题发生率11.26%(父母问卷)和8.50%(教师问卷),若合并计算,发生率为16.72.在家庭环境量表(FES-CV)10个分量表中,亲密度、情感表达、矛盾性、知识性和组织性以及性别、母亲文化程度、婴幼儿期是否经常患病与对照组相比差异显著或选入回归方程.结论:家庭成员间缺乏帮助和支持,情感交流的低表达,经常处于矛盾状态,对知识的渴求性差以及家庭活动中的安排和责任不明确是儿童行为问题发生的重要成因.婴幼儿期经常患病与行为问题的发生有关.     

儿童夜间睡眠时间与超重肥胖的相关性

目的了解中国儿童夜间睡眠时间现状,分析夜间睡眠时间与超重、肥胖的关系,为预防和干预儿童超重、肥胖问题提供依据。方法采用方便样本随机整群抽样的方法,从北京市和宁夏银川市抽取6所小学,对年龄为6~10岁的1308名儿童进行体检,并对儿童家长进行问卷调查。控制了性别、年龄、地区、城乡、是否吃早餐、健康饮食得分等变量后,采用二元Logistic回归,分析夜间睡眠时长与超重、肥胖的关系。结果学生一周日平均睡眠时长为(9.5±0.6)h;工作日平均睡眠时长为(9.4±0.6)h;休息日平均睡眠时长为(9.9±0.8)h。工作日较长的睡眠时长是预防儿童超重、肥胖的保护因素(OR=0.794,95%CI=0.636~0.991,P=0.042)。结论睡眠时长不足可能是儿童超重、肥胖的危险因素。     

The associations among objectively estimated sleep and obesity indicators in elementary schoolchildren

ObjectiveA negative linear association between sleep duration and obesity in children has been reported, but this has been predominantly based on subjective estimates of sleep duration and only one indicator of obesity. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationships among objectively measured sleep parameters and a range of obesity indicators in schoolchildren.Patients/methodsBaseline data were obtained from 335 elementary schoolchildren (aged 7–12 years) recruited to the study. Five indicators of obesity were determined and two global cut-off points (WHO and International Obesity Task Force) were used to define overweight/obesity. Participants wore wrist actigraphy devices (N = 264) for seven consecutive days/nights to objectively estimate six sleep features.ResultsAverage weekday sleep duration was 7.6 ± 0.7 h and 42.1% of the participants were overweight/obese. After adjustment, those achieving <8 h of sleep had an increased body mass index z-score (β = 0.88, p < 0.001), waist circumference (β = 6.49, p < 0.001), body fat percentage (β = 5.17, p < 0.001), and fat mass (kg) (β = 3.23, p < 0.001) compared to those sleeping ≥8 h. Based on two standardized cut-off points for overweight/obesity, sleeping <8 h was associated with an increased risk of obesity (odds ratio (OR) = 3.75, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.56–9.05; OR = 4.79 95% CI: 2.11–10.90).ConclusionSleep insufficiency, in addition to other lifestyle factors, is likely to play a role in childhood obesity. Lifestyle interventions should include advice regarding sleep improvement with promotion of other healthy lifestyle behaviors to tackle childhood obesity, a serious global public health problem.