Simulation Studies of Latency Measures of Components of the Event-Related Brain Potential

We compared the accuracy of P300 latency estimates obtained with different procedures under several simulated signal and noise conditions. Both preparatory and signal detection techniques were used. Preparatory techniques included frequency filters and spatial filters (single electrode selection and Vector filter). Signal detection techniques included peak-picking, cross-correlation, and Woody filter. Accuracy in the latency estimation increased exponentially as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio. Both Woody filter and cross-correlation provided better estimates than peak-picking, although this advantage was reduced by frequency filtering. For all signal detection techniques, Vector filter provided better estimates than single electrode selection. Large component overlap impaired the accuracy of the estimates obtained with both single electrode selection and Vector filter, but with Vector filter impairment occurred only when the overlapping component had a scalp distribution that was similar to the scalp distribution of the signal component. The effects of varying noise characteristics, P300 duration and latency, and the parameters of Vector filter were also investigated.     

Alcohol and obesity: A new look at high blood pressure and stroke

Summary An investigation of the staff of a car assembly plant (3,351 persons) revealed a similarity between the change in relative body weight and diastolic blood pressure with age. There is a good temporal correlation between the course of alcohol consumption during life and the change of the relative body weight. German women had significantly less blood pressure for the same relative body weight than German men, and foreign employees had lower blood pressure than Germans In both cases the main cause is the difference in alcohol consumption. Besides obesity and hereditary factors, alcohol is the main cause of essential hypertension today. Epidemiological and experimental data indicate that there are two ways from alcohol to high blood pressure, a more direct one and an indirect one via obesity. Alcohol causes obesity via a change in metabolism (hyperinsulinism) rather than by higher caloric intake. In both ways alcohol is an important cause of stroke. To reduce body weight and blood pressure, a reduction of alcohol consumption should be recommended in addition to reduced caloric intake and increased physical activity as means of preventive neurology.     

Minimal interventions for weight control: a cost-effective alternative

Two studies were conducted to evaluate simpler, less intensive interventions for weight control which presumably would be more cost-effective and efficient than a "full-length" behavioral treatment program. In Study 1, participants in a minimal intervention (MI1) program who attended no regularly scheduled meetings and initially only received three simple verbal instructions about how to lose weight, lost an average of 11.1 lb. by 7-month follow-up. Subjects in three variations of a shortened, less intensive, 6-week behavioral weight loss program lost 7.8, 6.5 and 6.3 lb. but did not significantly differ from MI1 subjects in the amount of weight lost. In Study 2, MI2 subjects lost 5.5 lb. compared to subjects in two variations of a full-length program who lost 8.1 and 11.1 lb. by 6-month follow-up. Again, none of the groups significantly differed from each other in the amount lost. It was concluded that a minimal intervention program seems to produce weight loss and to be a cost-effective and efficient method for some subjects. The difference between the two minimal intervention programs may be related to the payment of a monetary deposit; a model for future research was presented to investigate simpler, less intensive interventions in combination with more complex ones in a "stepped-care" fashion.     

PBL教学模式对预防医学生课程教学效果的系统评价

目的 系统评价PBL教学模式对预防医学生课程教学效果的影响。方法 检索PubMed、CNKI、WanFang Data、CBM和VIP数据库,搜集PBL应用于预防医学生教学的RCT研究,采用R软件（3.6.2版本）进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入23篇文献,包括2 108例研究对象。Meta分析结果显示,PBL组预防医学生的理论成绩［ SMD =1.13,95% CI (0.65,1.60)］、实践操作成绩 ［ SMD =1.27,95% CI (0.91,1.63)］、教学满意度［ RR =1.33,95% CI (1.17,1.52)］、学习兴趣［ RR =1.61,95% CI (1.37,1.89)］、自主学习能力 ［ RR =1.63, 95% CI (1.39,1.92)］、团队协作能力［ RR =2.11,95% CI (1.54,2.89)］、解决问题能力［ RR =1.58,95% CI (1.36,1.83)］均显著优于LBL组。亚组分析结果显示PBL联合教学组预防医学生的理论成绩［ SMD =1.27,95% CI (0.46,2.09)］、实践操作成绩［ SMD =1.39,95% CI (0.82,1.96)］、团队协作能力［ RR =2.27,95% CI (1.41,3.64)］均优于单独使用PBL组,PBL在毒理学课程中对提高预防医学生的理论成绩［ SMD =1.44,95% CI (1.10,1.79)］和实践操作成绩［ SMD =1.16,95% CI (0.74,1.59)］效果均较为显著。结论 PBL对预防医学生的教学效果具有显著影响;PBL联合教学比单独使用PBL的教学效果更显著;未来需纳入更多严谨的试验设计来验证其应用效果。     

2016—2021年南阳市献血人群梅毒流行特征 及趋势分析

摘 要：目的：研究甘肃省靖远县乙型病毒性肝炎 （简称乙肝） 母婴传播阻断措施的实施情况及效果,为进一步探索乙 肝防控策略、制订乙肝防控措施提供建议。方法：调查2016年10月1日—2017年10月31日期间靖远县所有助产机构入院分 娩的乙型肝炎表面抗原 （HBsAg） 阳性产妇所生的新生儿,并对新生儿进行随访,检测其HBsAg 和乙型肝炎表面抗体 （HB? sAb）。结果：研究共纳入 HBsAg 阳性住院产妇所生新生儿 131 名,其在出生 24 h 内全部进行了乙肝免疫球蛋白 （HBIG） 和乙肝疫苗首针 （HepB1） 接种。新生儿乙肝病毒指尖血检测结果显示,HBsAg 阳性者 1 人,母婴阻断失败率为 0.76% （1/131）;HBsAb阳性者 101人,母婴阻断成功率为 77.10% （101/131）;HBsAg和 HBsAb全部阴性者 29人,母婴阻断成功但 免疫失败率为22.14% （29/131）。结论：乙肝疫苗联合免疫球蛋白阻断乙肝母婴传播措施实施情况较好,阻断HBsAg 阳性母 亲垂直传播乙肝病毒效果显著。     

Comparison of the PROMIS Preference Score (PROPr) and EQ-5D-5L Index Value in General Population Samples in the United Kingdom,France, and Germany

ObjectivesThe Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Preference score (PROPr) can be used to assess health state utility (HSU) and estimate quality-adjusted life-years in cost-effectiveness analyses. It is based on item response theory and promises to overcome limitations of existing HSU scores such as ceiling effects. The PROPr contains 7 PROMIS domains: cognitive abilities, depression, fatigue, pain, physical function, sleep disturbance, and ability to participate in social roles and activities. We aimed to compare the PROPr with the 5-level EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L) in terms of psychometric properties using data from 3 countries.MethodsWe collected PROMIS-29 profile and EQ-5D-5L data from 3 general population samples (United Kingdom = 1509, France = 1501, Germany = 1502). Given that cognition is not assessed by the PROMIS-29, it was predicted by the recommended linear regression model. We compared the convergent validity, known-groups construct validity, and ceiling and floor effects of the PROPr and EQ-5D-5L.ResultsThe mean PROPr (0.48, 0.53, 0.48; P<.01) and EQ-5D-5L scores (0.82, 0.85, 0.83; P<.01) showed significant differences of similar magnitudes (d = 0.34; d = 0.32; d = 0.35; P<.01) across all samples. The differences were invariant to sex, income, occupation, education, and most conditions but not for age. The Pearson correlation coefficients between both scores were r = 0.74, r = 0.69, and r = 0.72. PROPr’s ceiling and floor effects both were minor to moderate. The EQ-5D-5L’s ceiling (floor) effects were major (negligible).ConclusionsBoth the EQ-5D-5L and the PROPr assessed by the PROMIS-29 show high validity. The PROPr yields considerably lower HSU values than the EQ-5D-5L. Consequences for quality-adjusted life-year measurements should be investigated in future research.     

致肝损伤中药的减毒措施及肝损伤的中药防治作用

中药在疾病预防和治疗的过程中发挥重大作用,但部分中药在临床的长期应用过程中,给人体带来的不良反应也逐渐显现出来,肝损伤属于其中之一。肝损伤也是中药新药研发过程中作为临床安全用药的重要检查项目,已成为众多上市药物退出市场的重要原因。随着对中药临床用药安全性的关注增加,关于中药肝损伤研究日益增多,大多数研究集中于中药或者中药成分的肝脏损伤研究。为了提高中药的安全性,该文总结了部分致肝损伤中药的物质基础和机制及降低中药肝损伤的措施,包括减少给药剂量和疗程,改变给药途径,改变药物剂型,药物配伍和炮制等方法;此外该文还总结了防治各种诱导物诱发肝损伤的单体中药、中药复方和中药成分及防治肝损伤的生物效应和作用机制。结合现代致肝损伤中药的减毒研究,提出明确致肝损伤中药的安全剂量和“毒-效”界限,明确减毒措施的减毒机制及确定致肝损伤中药的毒性物质基础,为致肝损伤中药的临床应用提供安全性保障;结合中药防治肝损伤的研究,提出加强中药防治肝损伤的临床研究的同时,利用现代科学技术“从局部到整体”来阐释中药复方防治肝损伤的科学内涵,进而为临床防治肝损伤提供科学依据。     

恶性肿瘤合并静脉血栓栓塞症患者危险因素分析

目的：分析恶性肿瘤合并静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）患者的危险因素。方法：选取2020年1月至2022年1月陆军第73集团军医院进行治疗的133例恶性肿瘤患者,对患者一般资料进行回顾性分析,比较恶性肿瘤组患者及恶性肿瘤合并VTE组患者一般资料,通过多因素logistic回归分析明确恶性肿瘤合并VTE的危险因素,比较两组患者1年死亡率。结果：两组患者肿瘤分期、冠心病、化疗、合并感染、激素治疗、中心静脉置管构成比及纤维蛋白原（FIB）、D–二聚体（D–D）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、血管性血友病因子（vWF）水平比较,差异具有统计学意义（P <0.05）;多因素logistic回归分析结果表明肿瘤分期Ⅲ～Ⅳ期、有冠心病、有化疗、有感染、有激素治疗及有中心静脉置管、血浆D–D水平高为恶性肿瘤合并VTE危险因素,差异具有统计学意义（P <0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析结果表明,肿瘤分期Ⅲ～Ⅳ期、有冠心病、有化疗、有感染、有激素治疗及有中心静脉置管、血浆D–D水平高为恶性肿瘤合并VTE危险因素（P <0.05）;恶性肿瘤合并VTE组患者1年死亡率明显高于恶性肿瘤组...     

基于循证的预警性护理干预对儿童全身麻醉患者压疮的预防效果

目的探讨基于循证的预警性护理干预对儿童全身麻醉患者压疮的预防效果。方法选择2020年1月至2020年6月我院收治的全身麻醉患儿288例,随机分为两组各144例。对照组给予常规护理,观察组在对照组基础上给予基于循证的预警性护理干预。比较两组的压疮发生率以及护理满意度。结果观察组的压疮发生率为4.17%,显著低于对照组的11.11%(P<0.05)。观察组的护理满意度为98.61%,显著高于对照组的90.97%(P<0.05)。结论基于循证的预警性护理干预可以降低儿童全身麻醉患者的压疮发生率,提高护理满意度。     

急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血治疗的护理

目的研究分析急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血治疗的护理效果。方法选择我院于2019年3月—2020年12月内收治的360例急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者,将所有患者按照随机数表方法,分为对照组(180例,进行基础性护理干预)和观察组(180例,进行细节性护理干预)。对两组患者在护理完成后的效果进行收集和分析。结果对照组患者在采取常规护理方法干预后,其消化道功能恢复时间与住院时间分别为(6.84±1.24)d、(9.26±2.18)d;观察组患者在采取个性化护理方式干预后,消化道功能恢复时间与住院时间分别为(4.48±0.87)d、(6.05±1.24)d。两组相比较,观察组住院时间较短、消化道功能恢复较快,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在胃镜下治疗急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血患者给予细节性护理干预能够提高手术效果,减少住院时间,加快病情恢复。