管碟法测定抗生素效价中的影响因素分析及对策

目的提高管碟法测定抗生素效价的准确性。 方法按操作步骤逐步分析，并提出合理的解决方案。 结果减少外界因素与人为因素给试验带来的误差。 结论可以提高测定结果的准确性。     

使用内窥镜辅助眼眶骨折手术的疗效

目的：探讨内窥镜辅助下眼眶骨折手术整复效果。

方法：回顾性分析2013-08/2016-08期间入我院就诊的眼眶骨折患者800例800眼,按照手术方式不同分为两组。其中354眼行鼻外径路手术,纳入对照组; 446眼行内窥镜辅助下眼眶骨折手术,纳入观察组。所有患者均完成术后6mo随访,观察患者术后临床疗效、复视分级、眼球凹陷改善情况,并评估患者术后随访对颜面部外形美观满意度。

结果：术后3mo观察组总有效率为92.8%,对照组为90.4%(P>0.05); 两组患者术前复视分级情况无差异(P>0.05),术后1mo观察组复视0级患者占70.9%,对照组占66.7%(P>0.05); 术后6mo观察组复视0级所占比例显著高于对照组(97.1% vs 76.0%,P<0.05)。术前组间眼球内陷深度比较无差异(P>0.05); 术后1mo眼球内陷深度≤1cm者：观察组占89.5%,对照组占85.9%(P>0.05); 术后6mo, 眼球内陷深度≤1cm,观察组97.3%明显高于对照组80.8%(P<0.05)。 术后6mo时观察组对颜面部外观满意度为97.8%,明显高于对照组94.6%(P<0.05)。

结论：内窥镜技术应用于眼眶骨折手术中可有效改善复视及眼球内陷情况,且长远疗效较好,术后恢复更符合现代人的审美要求。     

北部战区总医院军人眶壁骨折手术治疗的情况分析

目的：探讨军人发生眶壁骨折的临床特点与手术治疗效果。

方法：收集2015-01-01/2018-12-31因眶壁骨折就诊于我院行手术治疗的军人58例58眼, 术后随访6mo,统计人口学特征、致伤原因、骨折部位、手术前后视力、眼球运动、眼球突出度、手术相关情况等。

结果：眶壁骨折58例均为男性。年龄P₅₀ 为21岁,多发于20～29岁(78%)。45例(78%)在军事训练中致伤,拳击伤、外物撞击伤是主要致伤原因(74%)。单纯眶内壁、下壁以及二者联合骨折是临床常见的骨折形式(91%)。所有患者术后视力较术前未见明显改变,通过术后CT与术后随访相关临床资料,未发现植入物移位、感染及其他严重并发症,33例患者眼球运动障碍得到改善,7例患者颌面部知觉异常消失,3例眼球内陷得以矫正。

结论：年轻男性战士是军人眶壁骨折的主体人群,增强工作训练中的防护工作有重要意义,基层医院的基础诊治工作十分必要,手术修复治疗眶壁骨折具有显著治疗效果。     

Assessment of optic nerve and optic tract alterations in patients with orbital space-occupying lesions using probabilistic diffusion tractography

AIM: To investigate the diffusion changes in both the optic nerve and optic tract in orbital space-occupying lesion patients with decreased visual acuity, and its clinical significance using probabilistic diffusion tractography (PDT). METHODS: Twenty patients with orbital space-occupying lesions and 25 age- and gender-matched healthy persons were included. All patients and controls underwent routine orbital magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), using a 3.0T magnetic resonance scanner (Trio Tim Siemens). After the image data were preprocessed, each DTI parameters of the optic nerve and optic tract was obtained by PDT, including fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD). The asymmetry index (AI) of each parameter was calculated. Compared the parameters of the affected side optic nerve and ipsilateral optic tract with the contralateral side by paired sample t-test; compared AI of parameters of optic nerve and optic tract between the patient group and the control group by independent sample t-test. Patients were divided into three subgroups according to the low vision grade standard of WHO, compared the FA and AI of FA between the three subgroups by single factor variance analysis. RESULTS: The affected side optic nerve presented significantly decreased FA, increased MD, AD, and RD values compared to the unaffected side (P<0.05). The AI of FA, MD, AD, and RD of optic nerve in the patients was significantly higher than that of the controls (P<0.05). The comparison results of the optic tract showed that there was no significant difference between the patient group and control group in terms of the bilateral optic tracts in patients (P>0.05). The AIs of the FA value of the optic nerve in the eyesight <0.1 subgroup was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: FA, MD, AD, and RD of the affected side optic nerve of the orbital space-occupying lesions have significantly changed, the FA value is the most sensitive. The PDT could be a useful tool to provide valid quantitative markers of optic nerve injuries and evaluate the severity of orbital diseases, which other examinations cannot be acquired.     

Early Discharge Of Pediatric Febrile Neutropenic Cancer Patients By Substitution Of Oral For Intravenous Antibiotics

In an open, prospective pilot study of pediatric cancer patients, 23 episodes of fever and neutropenia were treated with intravenous and then oral antibiotics. After 72 hours, patients were changed from intravenous to oral antibiotics if the following criteria were met: negative blood cultures, temperature 38.0°C or lower for 24 hours, absolute neutrophil count less than 0.5 × 10⁹/L, and absence of clinical sepsis. Three patients (13%) had recurrent fever. Intravenous antibiotics were reinstituted in two of these three patients, and oral antibiotics were continued in the third. Fever was believed to be related to relapsed leukemia in one of the three patients. No focus of infection was defined in the other two, and both had good clinical outcomes. The study suggests that this approach to therapy is feasible and can be safely used for selected patients who are anticipated to have a short duration of neutropenia.     

Prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in chemotherapy-induced neutropenia

Introduction: Neutropenia poses a serious threat to patients on chemotherapy. It exposes them to the risk of infection – including potentially fatal infections – and also leads to delays in treatment and reductions in dose intensity, which can compromise the possibility of a favorable outcome.

Areas covered: The use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF) and antibiotics to prevent febrile neutropenia (FN) and to ameliorate cancer chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression is discussed, based on a systematic search of Pubmed for clinical trials, reviews and meta-analysis published in the last 20 years. We consider that the treatment of FN, with the emphasis on careful attention to the patient, prompts antibiotic therapy and good hospital care.

Expert opinion: We would argue that antibiotic prophylaxis should be offered routinely to patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy for acute leukemia and for patients with solid tumors and lymphoma receiving high-dose chemotherapy. In patients undergoing cyclical standard-dose myelosuppressive chemotherapy, we believe that prophylaxis is indicated during the first cycle of chemotherapy in which there is an expectation of grade 4 neutropenia (< 500 neutrophils). However, although the use of antibiotics and haematopoietic growth factors may improve quality of life by reducing the risk and consequences of FN, further study of the magnitude of their effects is needed.     

High throughput screening of small molecule libraries for modifiers of radiation responses

Purpose:?An unbiased approach of drug discovery through high-throughput screening (HTS) of libraries of chemically defined and bioactive small molecule compounds was used to identify modulators of radiation injury with an emphasis on radioprotectors and mitigators rather than radiosensitisers. Assay system endpoints included radiation-induced genotoxicity and DNA damage in yeast and apoptosis in murine lymphocytes. Large-scale data mining of chemically diverse libraries identified agents that were effective with all endpoints. HTS of bioactive compound libraries against murine lymphocytes profiled tetracycline and fluoroquinolone antibiotics and cyclopiazonic acid as having activity, and structure-activity analysis showed a common pharmacophore. Purine nucleosides, the interferon inducer tilorone, and linoleic acid were also identified as potential mitigators of radiation damage that often were also radioprotective. Many of these compounds enhance DNA repair, have anti-inflammatory activity, and stimulate hematopoiesis. Selected compounds within these initial verified hits from both types of libraries identified potent mitigators of lethal whole body irradiation (WBI) in mice.

Conclusion:?In spite of the fact that in vitro HTS has limitations and is unable to fully recapitulate all aspects of the complex in vivo acute radiation response, it identified several classes of molecules that had activity as radioprotectors and radiomitigators of the hematopoietic system in vivo. In the future, addition of 3-dimensional (3-D) or stem cell cultures or pathway analysis, may improve the power of HTS, but our findings indicate that common, evolutionary conserved, canonical pathways can be identified that could be exploited to mitigate radiation-induced defects.     

Current recommendations for Helicobacter pylori therapies in a world of evolving resistance

Occurrence of resistance, especially to clarithromycin, renders the standard triple therapy used to cure Helicobacter pylori infection ineffective. This review presents the bacteriological and pharmacological basis for H. pylori therapy and the current recommendations. The third-line treatment must be based on clarithromycin susceptibility testing. If the bacteria are still susceptible, failure may come from problems of compliance, hyperacidity or high bacterial load which can be overcome. If the bacteria are resistant, different regimens must be considered, including bismuth and non-bismuth-based quadruple therapies (sequential or concomitant), as well as triple therapies where amoxicillin is administered several times a day to obtain an optimal concentration at the gastric mucosal level. The treatments are becoming more and more complex and ecologically unsatisfactory, waiting for new agents or vaccines.     

Microsurgical anatomy of the abducens nerve

The aim of this study is to demonstrate and review the detailed microsurgical anatomy of the abducens nerve and surrounding structures along its entire course and to provide its topographic measurements. Ten cadaveric heads were examined using ×3 to ×40 magnification after the arteries and veins were injected with colored silicone. Both sides of each cadaveric head were dissected using different skull base approaches to demonstrate the entire course of the abducens nerve from the pontomedullary sulcus to the lateral rectus muscle. The anatomy of the petroclival area and the cavernous sinus through which the abducens nerve passes are complex due to the high density of critically important neural and vascular structures. The abducens nerve has angulations and fixation points along its course that put the nerve at risk in many clinical situations. From a surgical viewpoint, the petrous tubercle of the petrous apex is an intraoperative landmark to avoid damage to the abducens nerve. The abducens nerve is quite different from the other nerves. No other cranial nerve has a long intradural path with angulations and fixations such as the abducens nerve in petroclival venous confluence. A precise knowledge of the relationship between the abducens nerve and surrounding structures has allowed neurosurgeon to approach the clivus, petroclival area, cavernous sinus, and superior orbital fissure without surgical complications. Clin. Anat. 25:1030–1042, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Orbital Branch of the Infraorbital Artery: Further Characterization of an Important Surgical Landmark

The orbital branch of the infraorbital artery, a key vascular structure that is not universally noted in orbital textbooks and atlases, is clinically significant, since injury to it can result in perioperative hemorrhage. We conducted a cadaver dissection to document its presence, measure its location, and evaluate it histopathologically. It was present in 8 of 9 orbits and was a mean distance of 16.6?mm (range 10–23) from the inferior orbital rim. In half of the specimens, there were 2 separate structures seen. Histopathology confirmed these structures to be neurovascular bundles.