L-Tryptophan administered to chronic sleep-onset insomniacs: Late-appearing reduction of sleep latency

The effects of 3 g l-tryptophan on sleep, performance, arousal threshold, and brain electrical activity during sleep were assessed in 20 male, chronic sleep-onset insomniacs (mean age 20.3±2.4 years). Following a sleep laboratory screening night, all subjects received placebo for 3 consecutive nights (single-blind), ten subjects received l-tryptophan, and ten received placebo for 6 nights (double-blind). All subjects received placebo on 2 withdrawal nights (single-blind). There was no effect of l-tryptophan on sleep latency during the first 3 nights of administration. On nights 4–6 of administration, sleep latency was significantly reduced. Unlike benzodiazepine hypnotics, l-tryptophan did not alter sleep stages, impair performance, elevate arousal threshold, or alter brain electrical activity during sleep.     

农村医疗保障、医疗费用对居民收入公平性的影响和测量方法

在洛仑茨曲线和GINI系统基本原理基础上，分析了农村医疗保健、医疗费用对居民收入公平性的影响，并总结了相应的测量方法，结果发现：（1）农村合作医疗筹资对居民收入公平性影响不大，筹资不至于导致经济负担；（2）医疗费用支付对居民收入公平性影响极大，次均医疗费用增长因素对社会公平的负面影响达34．97％；（3）合作医疗偿付对医疗服务费用所带来的公平性问题作极其微弱，目前的合作医疗未能有效关注居民最担扰的问题。切实控制次均费用的增长已成为中等发达地区的当务之急。     

Evidence for a contribution of lateral inhibition to orientation tuning and direction selectivity in cat visual cortex: reversible inactivation of functionally characterized sites combined with neuroanatomical tracing techniques

We have previously reported that cells in cat areas 17 and 18 can show increases in response to non-optimal orientations or directions, commensurate with a loss of inhibition, during inactivation of laterally remote, visuotopically corresponding sites by iontophoresis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). We now present anatomical evidence for inhibitory projections from inactivation sites to recording sites where ‘disinhibitory’ effects were elicited. We made microinjections of [³H]-nipecotic acid, which selectively exploits the GABA re-uptake mechanism, < 100 μm from recording sites where cells had shown either an increase in response to non-optimal orientations during inactivation of a cross-orientation site (n = 2) or an increase in response to the non-preferred direction during inactivation of an iso-orientation site with opposite direction preference (n = 5). Retrogradely labelled GABAergic neurons were detected autoradiographically and their distribution was reconstructed from series of horizontal sections. In every case, radiolabelled cells were found in the vicinity of the inactivation site (three to six within 150 μm). The injection and inactivation sites were located in layers II/III–IV and their horizontal separation ranged from 400 to 560 μm. In another experiment, iontophoresis of biocytin at an inactivation site in layer III labelled two large basket cells with terminals in close proximity to cross-orientation recording sites in layers II/III where disinhibitory effects on orientation tuning had been elicited. We argue that the inactivation of inhibitory projections from inactivation to recording sites made a major contribution to the observed effects by reducing the strength of inhibition during non-optimal stimulation in recurrently connected excitatory neurons presynaptic to a recorded cell. The results provide further evidence that cortical orientation tuning and direction selectivity are sharpened, respectively, by cross-orientation inhibition and iso-orientation inhibition between cells with opposite direction preferences.     

Cortical hierarchy reflected in the organization of intrinsic connections in macaque monkey visual cortex

Neuronal response properties vary markedly at increasing levels of the cortical hierarchy. At present it is unclear how these variations are reflected in the organization of the intrinsic cortical circuitry. Here we analyze patterns of intrinsic horizontal connections at different hierarchical levels in the visual cortex of the macaque monkey. The connections were studied in tangential sections of flattened cortices, which were injected with the anterograde tracer biocytin. We directly compared the organization of connections in four cortical areas representing four different levels in the cortical hierarchy. The areas were visual areas 1, 2, 4 and Brodman's area 7a (V1, V2, V4 and 7a, respectively). In all areas studied, injections labeled numerous horizontally coursing axons that formed dense halos around the injection sites. Further away, the fibers tended to form separate clusters. Many fibers could be traced along the way from the injection sites to the target clusters. At progressively higher order areas, there was a striking increase in the spread of intrinsic connections: from a measured distance of 2.1 mm in area V1 to 9.0 mm in area 7a. Average interpatch distance also increased from 0.61 mm in area V1 to 1.56 mm in area 7a. In contrast, patch size changed far less at higher order areas, from an average width of 230 m?M in area V1 to 310 m?m in area 7a. Analysis of synaptic bouton distribution along axons revealed that average interbouton distance remained constant at 6.4 m?m (median) in and out of the clusters and in the different cortical areas. Larger injections resulted in a marked increase in the number of labeled patches but only a minor increase in the spread of connections or in patch size. Thus, in line with the more global computational roles proposed for the higher order visual areas, the spread of intrinsic connections is increased with the hierarchy level. On the other hand, the clustered organization of the connections is preserved at higher order areas. These clusters may reflect the existence of cortical modules having blob-like dimensions throughout macaque monkey visual cortex. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

加强对药厂和医院制剂室空气净化室的管理

本文根据笔者对药厂和医院制剂室的空气净化室上百家次的检查和几十家次的测试，分析了空气净化室目前存在的各种问题，提出了应重视净化工程设计审查和加强空气净化室科学管理的意见，以便使空气净化室真正发挥其效能。     

农村贫困地区高血压危险因素和血压控制情况的调查

目的 研究我国农村贫困地区高血压危险因素患病意识和血压控制情况，为卫生管理部门的卫生决策提供基础，为提高农民预防观念和促进健康教育、预防和控制高血压提供依据。方法 采用病例对照研究，在彰武县农村选取110名男性高血压患者(病例组)和110名男性血压正常者(对照组)，进行问卷调查。结果 病例组与对照组均有不良的生活习惯，高血压危险因素在彰武县农村农民中流行李较高，如吸烟、酗酒、喝茶、高盐饮食的比例分别达81．8％、74．5％、86．4％、58．2％以上；很少吃水果、蛋类和动物性蛋白质者分别为59．1％、51．8％、47.3％以上，每人每天食盐和猪油摄入量分别为22．4g和23．0g，具有高血压和高血脂患病意识者仅为27．3％和35．5％。高血压患者中高血压家族史、超重、低豆制品摄入率分别为44．5％、34．6％、31．8％，显著高于对照组。病例组仅有40％的人有规律地服用降压药，血压控制良好者仅占13.6％。末服药者中94．3％是因为对高血压危害严重程度认识不足。结论 吸烟、低豆制品摄入、超重、高盐和高脂肪摄入可能是高血压的危险因素，在广大农村社区应加强健康教育和健康促进，提倡良好的生活方式，大力开展预防工作。     

Retrospective Analysis of the Treatment of Patients with Small Cell Lung Cancer Showing Poor Performance Status

To assess the feasibility of treatments for patients with smallcell lung cancer (SCLC) showing a poor performance status (PS,Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; ECOG 3 or 4), we retrospectivelyreviewed the outcome for 13 SCLC patients showing poor PS treatedat the National Cancer Center Hospital between January 1984and May 1994. The main factors which contributed to poor prognosiswere superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome, massive pleural effusion,tracheal stenosis due to lymph node swelling, pericardial effusionand pulmonary fibrosis (causing dyspnea in combination), brainmetastasis resulting in neurological disturbance, cachexia,Eaton-Lambert syndrome causing muscle weakness, retroperitoneallymph node metastasis causing abdominal pain, peritoneal effusiondue to abdominal lymph node swelling, vertebral metastasis causingparaplegia, and dermatomyositis/polymyositis (DM/PM) causingmuscle weakness. All of the patients received chemotherapy withor without radiotherapy. The PS of 8 patients improved withtreatment, but no improvement was seen in 5. We analyzed these13 patients and considered the treatments for those with poorPS. Chemo-radiotherapy was tolerable in SCLC patients showingPS 3, and improved their PS if severe conditions or combineddisease did not arise concurrently. It was further suggestedthat PS 4 patients with severe conditions or combined diseaseshould not be given the treatments.     

APP霜治疗兔足重度冻伤实验研究

日本白色大耳家兔158只,分对照组、基质组及实验组。用液体冷冻法,造成兔足重度冻伤,采用“APP”霜局部外敷治疗。实验结果表明:冻区存活面积对照组为8.66±2.11％;基质组为8.23±3.11％;实验治疗组为89.27±2.18％。对照组、基质组与实验治疗组的差别非常显著,说明“APP”霜对兔足重度冻伤有显著疗效。重度冻伤病理形态学也证明“APP”霜有保护和恢复受冻组织存活的作用。     

克山病病区粮喂饲大鼠对维生素E需要量的初步探讨

克山病病区粮或在其中补充硒及不同剂量的维生素E喂饲大鼠12周,以其心肌脂质过氧化物为指标,初步证明病区粮喂饲大鼠对维生素E的最低需要量为200mg/kgDL-α-生育酚。同时还证明,在硒充足时对维生素E的需要量明显降低。在大鼠心肌,维生素E抗自由基作用强于硒。